The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Adverse Childhood Experiences and ADHD Diagnosis at Age 9 Years in a National Urban Sample
Open accessAbstract
Objective To examine associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at age 9 years using longitudinal data and assess the extent to which ACEs during middle childhood are independently associated with ADHD at age 9 years.Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Fragile Families urban birth cohort 5- and 9-year interviews. The sample was limited to children for whom mothers were the primary caregiver and mother-reported information on 8 ACEs and ADHD were available at age 5 and 9 years. We examined associations between ACEs and parent-reported ADHD at age 9 years using logistic regression and controlling for potential confounders.Results We included 1572 children; 48% were African American, 11% had parent-reported ADHD at age 9 years, 41% and 42% experienced ≥1 ACE by age 5 years and between the ages of 5 and 9 years, respectively. ACEs before age 5 years were associated with ADHD at age 9 years. One, 2, and ≥3 ACEs between age 5 and 9 years were associated with ADHD at age 9 years even after controlling for ACEs before age 5 years and ADHD at age 5 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-3; AOR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.8; and AOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.3).Conclusions In this study of urban children, ACEs occurring before age 5 years as well as between the ages of 5 and 9 years were associated with ADHD at age 9 years. Even after controlling for early childhood ACEs and ADHD at age 5 years, the association between ADHD and ACEs in middle childhood remained significant, highlighting the importance of screening and intervention throughout childhood.
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Cites
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MethodDo pediatricians ask about adverse childhood experiences in pediatric primary care?
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“Such impact on brain development in turn can influence the development of ADHD symptoms (Humphreys & Zeanah, 2015; Jimenez et al., 2017; Strathearn et al., 2020) and also of executive function skills, which play a major role in ADHD (Hughes & Devine, 2017; Pallini et al., 2019).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jimenez, M. E., Wade, R., Schwartz-Soicher, O., Lin, Y., & Reichman, N. E.
- Affiliations
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Venue
- Academic Pediatrics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 356-361
- ISSN
- 1876-2859 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5555409
- OpenAlex
- W2566635941
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 8.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Academic Pediatrics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R25HD074544, K12HD085848, R24HD058486, P2CHD058486, R01HD036916)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- adverse childhood experiences, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, middle childhood, early childhood adversity, urban children, ADHD screening, maternal care, child mental health
- MeSH terms
- Exposure to Violence, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Black or African American, Child, Child Abuse, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Prisons, United States, Urban Population, Cohort Studies, Odds Ratio, Child of Impaired Parents, Domestic Violence, Substance-Related Disorders, White People
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