Cited by 240Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderDevelopmental and Educational NeuropsychologyNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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ADHD subtypes: do they differ in their executive functioning profile?

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GEURTS, H, VERTE, S, OOSTERLAAN, J, ROEYERS, H, SERGEANT, J·2005·Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology

DOI 10.1016/j.acn.2004.11.001

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Abstract

The present study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder combined subtype (ADHD-C) have a generalized executive functioning (EF) [Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioural inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of AD/HD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94; Barkley, R. A. (1997). ADHD and the nature of self-control. New York: The Guilford Press]. We tested whether ADHD-C and ADHD inattentive subtype (ADHD-I) can be differentiated from each other on EF measures. We compared 16 normally developing boys with 16 boys with ADHD-C and 16 with ADHD-I on five EF domains. The boys were all matched on age, IQ, and the presence of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)/conduct disorder (CD). Despite carefully diagnosed groups and methodological controls, the results do not support the EF-hypothesis of ADHD-C. Children with ADHD-C differed from normal controls (NC) on tasks related to inhibition; they did not exhibit EF deficits on all EF tasks. Children with ADHD-C also exhibited deficits on non-EF tasks. Furthermore, the ADHD-C and ADHD-I subtypes did not differ from one another. Neuropsychological findings on the domains under study did not yield evidence for the distinctiveness of ADHD-C and ADHD-I subtypes.

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Casula, A., Belluardo, G., Antenucci, C., Bianca, F., Corallo, F., Ferraioli, F., Gargano, D., Giuffrè, S., Giunta, A. L. C., Torre, A. L., et al. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61030505 · Cited by 5
“However, the hypothesis has faced criticism, as the assumption of no similarities between the inattentive and combined subtypes has been repeatedly questioned in various studies [31,32].”
Cutting Corners: Neuropsychological Research into the Energetics of ADHD
Egeland, J. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/30006 · Cited by 4
“Difficulties with this, which is typically found (Geurts et al, 2005), could be due to lacking motor function or to not allocating sufficient effort to the task.”
Konstrukt- und Kriteriumsvalidität einer deutschen Version des Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) zur Identifikation von Kindern mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörungen (ADHS)
Schöfl, M., Beitel, C., Kloo, D., & Kaufmann, L. (2014) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000103 · Cited by 4
Heterogeneity in Clinical Symptoms and Cognitive Functioning of Children with Hyperactivity-Impulsivity and Inattention: Dimensional and Person-Centered Perspectives
Gambin, M., & Święcicka, M. (2016) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1515/ppb-2016-0023 · Cited by 3
“These results are consistent with the findings of studies concerning the combined subtype of ADHD, which is characterized by severe difficulties in functioning across domains and poor executive functioning (Baeyens et al., 2006; Chhabildas et al., 2001; Gambin & Święcicka, 2009; Geurts et al., 2004; Milich et al., 200…”
BackgroundResult
Transient modulations of inhibitory control in children with ADHD: The effect of a single bout of physical activity
Pontifex, M. B. (2011) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 3
Cognitive Function in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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Descomponiendo el síndrome de déficit atencional en el adulto: hacia un entendimiento de su heterogeneidad pronóstica
Slachevsky, A., Carolina Pérez, J., Silva, J. R., Ruiz‐Tagle, A., Mayol-Troncoso, R., Muñoz‐Neira, C., & Núñez-Huasaf, J. (2012) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872012000300016 · Cited by 4
Visuo-motor characteristics of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder on the NEPSY-II design copying subtest
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Neuropsychological Aspects of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Goldstein, S., & Kennemer, K. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78867-8_25 · Cited by 3
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Fayyad, J. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139035491.004 · Cited by 4
Spontaneous age-related changes of attention in unmedicated boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Bakar, E. E., & Karakaş, S. (2020) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2020.1801846 · Cited by 4
“Geurts et al. (2005) found significant between-group differences in tasks measuring the inhibition aspect of executive functions but not on the other executive function tasks.”
Background
Neuropsychological Disorders of Children
Gouvier, W. D., Baumeister, A. L., & Ijaola, K. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09528-8_6 · Cited by 3
ADHD Children Take More Time to Inhibit Automatic Responses: A Comparison with Anxiety Disorders Using NEPSY-II
Panvino, F., Zaccaria, V., Pica, M., Amitrano, N., Pisani, F., & Di Brina, C. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12060798 · Cited by 2
A Community-Based Behavioural Parent Training Model (CiC) to Address ADHD-Related Concerns in the Voluntary Sector in Denmark: A Replication and Extension
Bangiyev, V., Burger-Calderon, M., Capó, Z., Lui, N., Scavenius, C., & Chacko, A. (2022) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317107.2022.2099676 · Cited by 2
“While many ADHD symptoms are reflected as impairment in functional domains, children with ADHD often also struggle with impulsiveness and inability to self-regulate their emotions (Geurts et al., 2005).”
Background
Inter-relationships between executive functions and functional impairments among children with ADHD: findings from a network perspective
Zhang, W., Cao, X., Wu, Z., Liu, J., Li, Y., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., Jackson, T., Xiang, Y., & Yang, B. (2026) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2026.2638879 · Cited by 2
“Finally, although the sample size was appropriate for our purposes, future extensions based on larger samples should compare ADHD subtypes with respect to network relations of specific executive functions and functional impairments (Geurts et al., 2005; Hummer et al., 2011).”
The interaction of ADHD traits and trait anxiety on inhibitory control
Hare, C., Panda, E., Collins, T. K., Segalowitz, S. J., & Tekok-Kılıç, A. (2024) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14734 · Cited by 2
“…has inconsistently found differences in ADHD subtypes in relation to cognitive processing (Bauermeister et al., 2005; Chhabildas et al., 2001; Geurts et al., 2005; Nigg et al., 2002; Solanto et al., 2007, 2009; Wu et al., 2022), but research looking at ADHD subtypes and cognitive inhibition…”
Self-reported Inattention and Hyperactivity-impulsivity as Predictors of Attention Network Efficiency
Lehtonen, S. E. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/1059912 · Cited by 2
Executive functioning: A way to differentiate ADHD /C from ADHD /PI
Walkowiak, J. (2007) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 2
Función y utilidad de los cuestionarios en el diagnóstico del Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad
Rodríguez, C., Sánchez, J. N. G., Castro, P. G., Álvarez, D., Bernardo, A. B., Cerezo, R., & Álvarez, L. (2010) · Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud · doi:10.70478/rips.2010.01.04 · Cited by 2
Inhibitory control and working memory in children adopted from psychosocially depriving institutions
Merz, E. C. (2012) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh) · Cited by 2
Experiencing Disability in the School Context: Voices of Young People Diagnosed With ADHD in Spain
Petry, P. P., Soria-Albert, C., & Vadeboncoeur, J. A. (2018) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v11n8p79 · Cited by 4
“Other studies have tried to discriminate between ADHD/I (Inattentive type) and ADHD/C (Combined type) either by testing Barkley’s executive functions hypothesis (e.g., Biederman et al., 2004; Geurts et al., 2005) or by relating ADHD/I with Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) characteristics (e.”
Method
Perfil y endofenotipos neuropsicológicos en TDAH: Una revisión
Rubio, B., Castrillo, J., Herreros, Ó., Gastaminza, X., & Expósito, S. H. (2016) · Revista de Psiquiatría Infanto-Juvenil · doi:10.31766/revpsij.v33n1a1 · Cited by 3
Neuropsychological and cognitive deficits in children with disruptive behaviour disorders
Shikwambana, B. T. (2006) · Cited by 2
Do ADHD subtypes related to specific impairment of cognitive functions in boys with TS?
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Selective Attention Dynamics in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Role for Sensory Processing Asymmetry?
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EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT / HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
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Measures of executive functions predicting Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder core symptoms
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“Geurts, Verté, Oosterlaan, Roeyers and Sergeant (2005) found poor performance on the WCST amongst children with ADHD, with both H/I and inattention affected.”
Response Inhibition
Mochizuki, K., & Funahashi, S. (2016) · Innovations in cognitive neuroscience · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3846-5_7 · Cited by 1
Psiholoģiskās novērtēšanas skrīninga instrumentu komplekta izstrāde bērnu agrīnās attīstības risku atpazīšanai. 1. sējums. Skrīninga konstruktu teorētiskais pamatojums un attīstības veicināšanas intervenču pieejamība.
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Authors: GEURTS, H., VERTE, S., OOSTERLAAN, J., ROEYERS, H., & SERGEANT, J.
Affiliations: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
Ghent University (BE)
Corresponding author: GEURTS, H
ORCID: GEURTS, H
OOSTERLAAN, J
ROEYERS, H
SERGEANT, J
Venue: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2005-06
Volume: 20
Issue: 4
Pages: 457-477
ISSN: 0887-6177 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.acn.2004.11.001
OpenAlex: W2062409240
Semantic Scholar: 21a0797b1b7440a2306d2ed91ee53241624dff24
Cited by: 239
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 4.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, executive function, inhibition, self-control, boys, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, neuropsychological assessment
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Male, Memory, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Verbal Behavior, Visual Perception, Case-Control Studies

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ADHD subtypes: do they differ in their executive functioning profile?

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