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Cited by 51Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research

Relapse among Cigarette Smokers: The CARDIA longitudinal study - 1985–2011

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Caraballo, Ralph S., Kruger, Judy, Asman, Kat, Pederson, Linda, Widome, Rachel, Kiefe, Catarina I., Hitsman, Brian, Jacobs, David R.·2014·Addictive Behaviors
DOI 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.030PMC PMC4624111
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Abstract

Rationale There is little information about long-term relapse patterns for cigarette smokers.Objective To describe long-term prevalence of relapse and related smoking patterns by sex, race, age, and education level among a community-based cohort of young adults followed for 25 years.Methods We examined 25 years of data from Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA), an ongoing study of a community-based cohort of 5115 men and women aged 18 to 30 years at baseline with periodic re-examinations. At each examination smoking, quitting, and relapse were queried. We examined prevalence of smoking relapse among 3603 participants who attended at least 6 of the 8 examinations.Results About 53% of 3603 participants never reported smoking on a regular basis. Among the remaining 1682 ever smokers, 52.8% of those who reported current smoking at baseline were still smoking by the end of the study, compared to 10.7% of those who initiated smoking by year 5. Among those classified as former smokers at baseline, 39% relapsed at least once; of these, 69.5% had quit again by the end of the study. Maximum education level attained, age at study baseline, and race were associated with failure to quit smoking by the end of the study and relapse among those who did quit. Maximum education level attained and age at study baseline were also associated with ability to successfully quit after a relapse.Conclusions Smoking relapse after quitting is common, especially in those with lower education level. Education was the strongest predictor of all three outcomes. Improvements in access to treatment and treatment options, especially for underserved populations, are needed to prevent relapse when smokers quit.

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  • Black Americans are more likely to smoke cigarettes and less likely to quit cigarette smoking compared with NHW, with high rates of menthol cigarette use.

    “Black Americans are also more likely to smoke cigarettes and less likely to quit cigarette smoking compared with NHW with high rates of menthol cigarette use supporting current plans to regulate menthol tobacco products.32,33”

    From Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Peripheral Artery Disease (2021) · cites this paper as [32]

    The Results (§3.3) show that, among CARDIA participants who had ever smoked, Black participants were more likely than White participants to smoke at each follow-up and less likely to remain abstinent after quitting. The Discussion (§4) mentions a preference for menthol cigarettes among Black smokers, but does not quantify menthol-use rates. The study of ever smokers also does not establish that Black Americans overall are more likely to smoke than non-Hispanic White Americans. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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  • Data from the CARDIA study showed that Black Americans had lower rates (33.2%) of successful smoking cessation when compared with NHW (54%) over a 25-year follow-up period.

    “Data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study showed that Black Americans had lower rates (33.2%) of successful smoking cessation when compared with NHW (54%) over a 25-year follow-up period.32”

    From Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Peripheral Artery Disease (2021) · cites this paper as [32]

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Yankelovitch EH 2002 Evidence of real-world effectiveness of quitting NEJM 347 1087 1093 12362011

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Authors
Caraballo, R. S., Kruger, J., Asman, K., Pederson, L., Widome, R., Kiefe, C. I., Hitsman, B., & Jacobs, D. R.
Affiliations
  • National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US)
  • RTI International (US)
  • University of Minnesota (US)
  • University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
  • Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author
Caraballo, Ralph S.
ORCID
Venue
Addictive Behaviors
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2014-01
Volume
39
Issue
1
Pages
101-106
ISSN
0306-4603 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.08.030
PMC
PMC4624111
OpenAlex
W2041929029
Cited by
51
References
28
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
FWCI
2.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship@UMassChan (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
Keywords
smoking relapse, cigarette smoking, smoking cessation, former smokers, educational attainment, age at baseline, race, sex differences, young adults, CARDIA cohort, predictors of relapse
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Smoking, Cohort Studies, Prevalence, Multivariate Analysis, Odds Ratio, Smoking Cessation, Young Adult

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