Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications — A comprehensive review

In the paper

“Viscosimetric studies revealed that there was a 21.85% and 41.00% Mw decrease when the PDLLA was injection molded and extruded, respectively.”

In the paper

“After annealing, samples showed an increase in Young's modulus (5-11%) and in yield strength (15-18%), which is explained by the higher degree of crystallinity of annealed materials, with its subsequent decrease in chain mobility.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“These findings were corroborated by DSC (degrees of crystallinity of 4% for injected material, 8% for extruded/ injected material and 33-35% for annealed materials) and X-ray diffraction (45-47% for annealed materials).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“The results indicate that the elastic modulus is not affected by aging but the tensile strength decreases significantly.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [219] 219. D. Rasselet, A. Ruellan, A. Guinault, G. Miquelard-Garnier, C. Sollogoub, B. Fayolle, Eur. Polym. J. 50 (2014) 109-116.

In the paper

“It is classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the United State Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is safe for all food packaging applications [3,9].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [3] 3. M. Jamshidian, E. Arab-Tehrany, M. Imran, M. Jacquot, S. Desobry, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 9 (2010) 552-571.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [9] 9. FDA -inventory of effective food contact substance (FCS) notifications no.178, http:// www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnDetailNavigation.cfm?rpt=fcsListing&id= 178, 2002.

In the paper

“It can be processed by injection molding, film extrusion, blow molding, thermoforming, fiber spinning, and film forming [17].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [17] 17. R. Auras, B. Harte, S. Selke, Macromol. Biosci. 4 (2004) 835-864.

In the paper

“Moreover, PLA degradation products are non-toxic (at a lower composition) making it a natural choice for biomedical applications [15].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [15] 15. R.M. Rasal, A.V. Janorkar, D.E. Hirta, Prog. Polym. Sci. 35 (2010) 338-356.

In the paper

“PLA can be prepared by different polymerization processes from lactic acid including: polycondensation, ring opening polymerization and by direct methods like azeotopic dehydration and enzymatic polymerization [5].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [5] 5. D. Garlotta, J. Polym. Environ. 9 (2002) 63-84.

In the paper

“As a bioabsorbable polymer, PLA, is one of the most promising biopolymers due to the fact that the monomers may be produced from non-toxic renewable feedstock as well as due to being a naturally occurring organic acid [6,7].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [6] 6. A.J. Lasprilla, G.A. Martinez, B.H. Lunelli, A.L. Jardini, R.M. Filho, Biotechnol. Adv. 30 (2012) 321-328.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [7] 7. R. Auras, L.T. Lim, S.E.M. Selke, H. Tsuji, New Jersey: Jhon Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010.

In the paper

“The degradation rate is often considered to be an important selection criterion for biomedical applications [21].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [21] 21. Y. Tokiwa, B.P. Calabia, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 72 (2006) 244-251.

In the paper

“This results in low cell affinity, and can elicit, in some cases, an inflammatory response from the living host upon direct contact with biological fluids [22].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [22] 22. K.J.L. Burg, W.D. Holder Jr., C.R. Culberson, R.J. Beiler, K.G. Greene, A.B. Loebsack, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 10 (1999) 147-161.

In the paper

“The α form grows upon melt or cold crystallization, the β form develops upon mechanical stretching of the more stable α form, and the γ form, which recently has been reported to develop on hexamethylbenzene substrate [26].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [26] 26. M.L. Di Lorenzo, Eur. Polym. J. 41 (2005) 569-575.

In the paper

“So, while selecting a polymer for a required application, its crystallinity plays the foremost role [3].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [3] 3. M. Jamshidian, E. Arab-Tehrany, M. Imran, M. Jacquot, S. Desobry, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 9 (2010) 552-571.

In the paper

“Eco-friendlyapart from being derived from renewable resources (e.g., corn, wheat, or rice), PLA is biodegradable, recyclable, and compostable [2,13].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [2] 2. R.E. Drumright, P.R. Gruber, D.E. Henton, Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 1841-1846.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] 13. D.J. Sawyer, Macromol. Symp. 201 (2003) 271-281. source

In the paper

“Lactic acid (2-hydroxypropionic acid, LA), a PLA constituent unit, since it is a chiral molecule, exists as two enantiomers, L-and D-lactic acid (Fig. 1), PLA has stereoisomers, such as poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), poly(D-lactide) (PDLA), and poly(DL-lactide) (PDLLA) [1].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [1] 1. M. Savioli Lopes, A.L. Jardini, R. Maciel Filho, Procedia Eng. 42 (2012) 1402-1413.

In the paper

“The research on lactic acid based polymers intended for medical applications has accelerated since FDA approval, and during the last two decades an increasing utilization of large scale industrial lactic acid based polymers for other uses has occurred [10][11][12].”

What the sources say

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  cites [10][11][12]

In the paper

“The problem at that time was to increase the Mw of the products; and, finally, by ring-opening polymerization of the lactide, high-Mw PLA was synthesized (Fig. 2) [3,7].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [3] 3. M. Jamshidian, E. Arab-Tehrany, M. Imran, M. Jacquot, S. Desobry, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 9 (2010) 552-571.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [7] 7. R. Auras, L.T. Lim, S.E.M. Selke, H. Tsuji, New Jersey: Jhon Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010.

In the paper

“PLA is the first commodity polymer produced from annually renewable resources [8].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“PLA has a proven potential either to replace conventional petrochemical-based polymers for industrial applications or as a leading biomaterial for numerous applications in medicine [1,2].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [1] 1. M. Savioli Lopes, A.L. Jardini, R. Maciel Filho, Procedia Eng. 42 (2012) 1402-1413.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [2] 2. R.E. Drumright, P.R. Gruber, D.E. Henton, Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 1841-1846.

In the paper

“PLA requires 25-55% less energy to produce than petroleum-based polymers and estimations show that this can be further reduced to less than 10% in the future [15].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [15] 15. R.M. Rasal, A.V. Janorkar, D.E. Hirta, Prog. Polym. Sci. 35 (2010) 338-356.

In the paper

“Lactic acid (2-hydroxypropionic acid, LA), a PLA constituent unit, since it is a chiral molecule, exists as two enantiomers, L-and D-lactic acid (Fig. 1), PLA has stereoisomers, such as poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), poly(D-lactide) (PDLA), and poly(DL-lactide) (PDLLA) [1].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [1] 1. M. Savioli Lopes, A.L. Jardini, R. Maciel Filho, Procedia Eng. 42 (2012) 1402-1413.

In the paper

“Improvements in degradation rate could also be important in both consumer and biomedical applications [15].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [15] 15. R.M. Rasal, A.V. Janorkar, D.E. Hirta, Prog. Polym. Sci. 35 (2010) 338-356.

In the paper

“PLA is a very brittle material with less than 10% elongation at break [19].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [19] 19. R.M. Rasal, D.E. Hirt, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 88 (A) (2008) 1079-1086.

In the paper

“PLA synthesis requires rigorous control of conditions (temperature, pressure and pH), the use of catalysts and long polymerization times [6,7].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [6] 6. A.J. Lasprilla, G.A. Martinez, B.H. Lunelli, A.L. Jardini, R.M. Filho, Biotechnol. Adv. 30 (2012) 321-328.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [7] 7. R. Auras, L.T. Lim, S.E.M. Selke, H. Tsuji, New Jersey: Jhon Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010.

In the paper

“The slow degradation rate leads to a long in vivo life time, which could be up to years in some cases (mostly 3-5 years) [15].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [15] 15. R.M. Rasal, A.V. Janorkar, D.E. Hirta, Prog. Polym. Sci. 35 (2010) 338-356.

In the paper

“Crystalline PLLA is not soluble in acetone, ethyl acetate or tetrahydrofuran [6,10].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [6] 6. A.J. Lasprilla, G.A. Martinez, B.H. Lunelli, A.L. Jardini, R.M. Filho, Biotechnol. Adv. 30 (2012) 321-328.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [10] 10. Anders Sodergard, Mikael Stolt, Prog. Polym. Sci. 27 (2002) 1123-1163.

In the paper

“They developed an equation for index of refraction of PLA with a wide range of stereoisomer proportions (L-content) within the range of wavelengths from 300 to 1300 nm by using Cauchy coefficients [42].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [42] 42. M.H. Hutchinson, J.R. Dorgan, D.M. Knauss, S.B. Hait, J. Polym. Environ. 14 (2006) 119-124.

In the paper

“No polymer can completely organize into a fully crystalline material so there are still amorphous areas in semicrystalline polymers [62].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [62] 62. J.C. Middleton, A.J. Tipton, Biomaterials 21 (2000) 2335-2346.

In the paper

“In vitro studies showed that the pH of the solution does play a role in the in vitro degradation, and that, an in vivo study can be used as a predictor of the in vivo degradation of PLA [17,34].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [17] 17. R. Auras, B. Harte, S. Selke, Macromol. Biosci. 4 (2004) 835-864.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [34] 34. P. Mainil-Varlet, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 36 (1997) 360-380.

In the paper

“According to these results, the barrier properties of PLA are remarkable and better than those of OPS.”

In the paper

“Blending can radically alter the resultant properties, which depend sensitively on the mechanical properties of the components as well as the blend microstructure and the interface between the phases [41].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [41] 41. M.E. Broz, D.L. VanderHart, N.R. Washburn, Biomaterials 24 (2003) 4181-4190.

In the paper

“He reported activation energies of 5 and -0.1 kJ/mol for amorphous and crystalline PLA, respectively [45].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [45] 45. R. Shogren, J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 5 (1997) 91-95.

In the paper

“It was found that polymers made from ε-caprolactone were excellent drug permeation products [41].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [41] 41. M.E. Broz, D.L. VanderHart, N.R. Washburn, Biomaterials 24 (2003) 4181-4190.

In the paper

“They concluded, in terms of water vapor barrier, that PET gave the best performance, followed by OPS and OPLA.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [47] 47. R.A. Auras, S.P. Singh, J.J. Singh, Packag. Technol. Sci. 18 (2005) 207-216.

In the paper

“Since preparation in 1987, the stereocomplex between PLLA and PDLA has been intensively studied by utilizing different preparations, structures and functional properties, enhanced characteristics have been reported especially for drug delivery applications [39].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [39] 39. T.M. Quynh, H. Mitomo, L. Zhao, S. Asai, Carbohydr. Polym. 72 (2008) 673-681.

In the paper

“The authors concluded that polymer chain branching and small changes in L:D stereochemical content have no effect on permeation properties, but film crystallinity profoundly impacted the permeation of the mentioned gases.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [38] 38. J.R. Dorgan, H. Lehermeier, M. Mang, J. Polym. Environ. 8 (2000) 1-9.
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  cites [43] 43. H.J. Lehermeier, J.R. Dorgan, J.D. Way, J. Membr. Sci. 190 (2001) 243-251.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [44] 44. K. Hamad, M. Kaseem, H.W. Yang, F. Deri, Y.G. Ko1, Express Polym Lett 9 (2015) 435-455.

In the paper

“In the case of oxygen barrier properties, PET showed the lowest oxygen permeability coefficients, followed by OPLA and OPS that showed very poor oxygen barrier performance.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [47] 47. R.A. Auras, S.P. Singh, J.J. Singh, Packag. Technol. Sci. 18 (2005) 207-216.

In the paper

“They found that the sustained release of antibiotics in low and high Mw implants lasted 33 days and more than 3 months, respectively [36].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [36] 36. A.G. Andreopoulos, E.C. Hatzi, M. Doxastakis, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 11 (2000) 393-397.

In the paper

“PLA resins were tested and they were found to be situated near 0.5% [48].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [48] 48. K. Van de Velde, P. Kiekens, Polym. Test. 21 (2002) 433-442.

In the paper

“The density of solid PLA was reported as 1.36 g/cm 3 for L-lactide, 1.33 g/cm 3 for meso-lactide, 1.36 g/cm 3 and 1.25 g/cm 3 for crystalline and amorphous PLA, respectively [17].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [17] 17. R. Auras, B. Harte, S. Selke, Macromol. Biosci. 4 (2004) 835-864.

In the paper

“They degrade by hydrolysis relatively fast into lactic acid, which reduces the risk of material accumulation in tissue [34].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [34] 34. P. Mainil-Varlet, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 36 (1997) 360-380.

In the paper

“On the other hand, the stereo chemical makeup is very easily controlled by the polymerization with D-lactide, L-lactide, D,L-lactide, or meso-lactide, to form random or block stereocopolymers, while the Mw is directly controlled by the addition of hydroxylic compounds (i.e., lactic acid, water, alcohols) [77].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] 77. M.H. Hartmann, in: D.L. Kaplan (Ed.), Biopolymers From Renewable Resources, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1998, pp. 367-411. source

In the paper

“This pure stereocomplex has a T m of 230 °C and mechanical properties greater than either pure polymer [5,75,76,81].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [5] 5. D. Garlotta, J. Polym. Environ. 9 (2002) 63-84.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [75] 75. H. Yamane, K. Sasai, Polymer 44 (2003) 2569-2575.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [76] 76. Y. Furuhashi, Y. Kimura, N. Yoshie, H. Yamane, Polymer 47 (2006) 5965-5972.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [81] 81. T.M. Quynh, H. Mitomo, N. Nagasawa, Y. Wada, F. Yoshii, M. Tamada, Eur. Polym. J. 43 (2007) 1779-1785.

In the paper

“Semicrystalline PLA has an approximate tensile modulus of 3 GPa, tensile strength of 50-70 MPa, flexural modulus of 5 GPa, flexural strength of 100 MPa, and an elongation at break of about 4% [10,79].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [10] 10. Anders Sodergard, Mikael Stolt, Prog. Polym. Sci. 27 (2002) 1123-1163.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [79] 79. S. Jacobsen, H.G. Fritz, Polym. Eng. Sci. 39 (1999) 1303-1310.

In the paper

“PCL, on the other hand, seems to be the weakest polymer with a remarkable high strain at failure.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [48] 48. K. Van de Velde, P. Kiekens, Polym. Test. 21 (2002) 433-442.

In the paper

“In the early 90's, Lalla and Chugh polymerized D,L-lactide using 2% (w/v) and 0.1% (w/v) zinc oxide and stannous chloride catalyst systems, respectively, and having studied their mechanical properties [82] (Table 4), they found that the wide variance in the oriented properties is due to the degree of orientation and stereo chemical composition of various PLA samples.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [82] 82. J.K. Lalla, N.N. Chugh, Indian Drugs 27 (1990) 516-522.

In the paper

“PLA undergoes thermal degradation at temperatures above 200 °C (392 °F) and by hydrolysis, lactide reformation, oxidative main chain scission, and inter-or intramolecular transesterification reactions.”

In the paper

“Superior mechanical properties have been achieved by stereocomplexation of enantiomeric PLAs, which was ascribed to formation of stereocomplex crystallites giving intermolecular crosslinks.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [5] 5. D. Garlotta, J. Polym. Environ. 9 (2002) 63-84.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [75] 75. H. Yamane, K. Sasai, Polymer 44 (2003) 2569-2575.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [76] 76. Y. Furuhashi, Y. Kimura, N. Yoshie, H. Yamane, Polymer 47 (2006) 5965-5972.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [81] 81. T.M. Quynh, H. Mitomo, N. Nagasawa, Y. Wada, F. Yoshii, M. Tamada, Eur. Polym. J. 43 (2007) 1779-1785.

In the paper

“Lim et al. [138] reported, in a comprehensive study, on these techniques for PLA processing highlighting the large scale production challenges and performance improvements.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [138] 138. L.T. Lim, R. Auras, M. Rubino, Prog. Polym. Sci. 33 (2008) 820-852.

In the paper

“In the early 90's, Lalla and Chugh polymerized D,L-lactide using 2% (w/v) and 0.1% (w/v) zinc oxide and stannous chloride catalyst systems, respectively, and having studied their mechanical properties [82] (Table 4), they found that the wide variance in the oriented properties is due to the degree of orientation and stereo chemical composition of various PLA samples.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [82] 82. J.K. Lalla, N.N. Chugh, Indian Drugs 27 (1990) 516-522.

In the paper

“PLA stereocomplexes were first reported by Ikada et al. [73], when they discovered that the T m of blended PLLA and PDLA is about 50 °C higher than for the pure enantiomeric polymers.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [73] 73. Y. Ikada, K. Jamshidi, H. Tsuji, S.H. Hyon, Macromolecules 20 (1987) 904-906.

In the paper

“Pure PDLA or PLLA has a crystalline equilibrium T m of 207 °C but typical T m are in the 170-180 °C range [80].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [80] 80. H.R. Kricheldorf, I. Kreiser-Saunders, C. Boettcher, Polymer 36 (1995) 1253-1259.

In the paper

“Polymers prepared from meso-or rac-lactide are in general amorphous, but by applying stereoselective catalyst, polymers having tacticity high enough for crystallization have been obtained [10].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [10] 10. Anders Sodergard, Mikael Stolt, Prog. Polym. Sci. 27 (2002) 1123-1163.

In the paper

“On annealing, the impact resistance increased due to the crosslinking effects of the crystalline domains, while the tensile strength increased, presumably due to the stereo regularity of the chain [77,78].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] 77. M.H. Hartmann, in: D.L. Kaplan (Ed.), Biopolymers From Renewable Resources, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1998, pp. 367-411. source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [78] 78. G. Perego, G.D. Cella, C. Bastioli, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 59 (1996) 37-43.

In the paper

“Contrary to usefulness as a composite matrix, in this case, PGA and PLLA seem the best choices, whilst PCL and also polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB, σ* 8.8 MPa and E* 7.8 MPa) are clearly the worst ones [48].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [48] 48. K. Van de Velde, P. Kiekens, Polym. Test. 21 (2002) 433-442.

In the paper

“These properties are always obtained in standard conditions (comparable to room temperature), but one should know that they may decrease at higher temperatures and that the T g may be a limit above which mechanical properties may degrade drastically [48].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [48] 48. K. Van de Velde, P. Kiekens, Polym. Test. 21 (2002) 433-442.

In the paper

“Catalysts and oligomers decrease the degradation temperature and increase the degradation rate of PLA.”

In the paper

“However, flexural and tensile properties are mostly correlated anyway and the tendencies found here are probably the same as found when comparing flexural properties [48].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [48] 48. K. Van de Velde, P. Kiekens, Polym. Test. 21 (2002) 433-442.

In the paper

“Amorphous plastics, such as all the D,L-PLA containing ones perform best below T g , but elastomers must be used above the brittle point [63].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [63] 63. N.B. Seymour, C.H.E. Carraher, Polymer Chemistry, fifth ed. Marcel Dekker, Basel, 2000.

In the paper

“They found that the T g wasn't greatly affected by the stereo chemical makeup or the range of Mws tested and that PLA with a Mw of 22,000 g/mol has a T g of 55 °C, which is only 4-5 °C lower than that predicted for PLA of infinite Mw [5,78].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [5] 5. D. Garlotta, J. Polym. Environ. 9 (2002) 63-84.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [78] 78. G. Perego, G.D. Cella, C. Bastioli, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 59 (1996) 37-43.

In the paper

“Though, Sarasua et al. [69] have been able to crystallize a PLA of as low as 43% optical purity, when polymerizing using Salen-Al-OCH 3 (a complex resulting when reacting a Schiff base on AlEt 2 Cl) as an initiator, which was explained by the preference for the formation of long isotactic sequences.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [69] 69. J.R. Sarasua, R.E. Prudhomme, M. Wisniewski, A. Le Borgne, N. Spassky, Macromol- ecules 31 (1998) 3895-3905.

In the paper

“In addition, they can cause viscosity and rheological changes, fuming during processing, and poor mechanical properties.”

In the paper

“The melt enthalpy estimated for an enantiopure PLA of 100% crystallinity (ΔH° m ) by Fischer et al. [64], were 93 J/g, is the value most often referred to in the literature although higher values (up to 14 t J/g) also have been reported [65].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [64] 64. E.W. Fischer, H.J. Sterzel, G. Wegner, Kolloid-Z.Z. Polym. 251 (1973) 980-990.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [65] 65. G.L. Loomis, J.R. Murdoch, K.H. Gardner, Polym. Prepr. 2 (1990) 55.

In the paper

“The PLLA has a narrow window of processing, (12 °C), whereas a 10/90 PDLLA copolymer has a much wider range of processing (40 °C) due to its lower T m .”

In the paper

“Depending on the point in the backbone at which the reaction occurs, the product can be a lactide molecule, an oligomeric ring, or acetaldehyde plus CO (Fig. 5).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [152] 152. I.C. McNeill, H.A. Leiper, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 11 (1985) 309-326.

In the paper

“PLA homopolymers have a T g and T m of about 55 °C and 175 °C, respectively.”

In the paper

“Yu and others [148] have developed a mathematical model to describe the Mw and polydispersity index (PDI) in PLA thermal degradations.”

• Also stated in: § 3.1. Processing, thermal degradation and recyclability · plain

  “Their model was based on the random chain scission mechanism, effects of temperature, and time on the Mw and PDI.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [148] 148. H. Yu, N. Huang, C. Wang, Z. Tang, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 88 (2003) 2557-2562.

In the paper

“Above 230 °C a thermal degradation of acetaldehyde was reported by McNeill and Leiper [152], involving a complex chain reaction to form methane and CO at the elevated temperature (Fig. 5).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [152] 152. I.C. McNeill, H.A. Leiper, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 11 (1985) 309-326.

In the paper

“Migliaresi and coworkers showed that thermal degradation was due to chain splitting and not hydrolysis.”

In the paper

“McNeill and Leiper also proposed that the formation of butane-2,3-dione, another detected byproduct, is likely caused by the radical combination of acetyl radicals from the chain reaction (Fig. 5) [152].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [152] 152. I.C. McNeill, H.A. Leiper, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 11 (1985) 309-326.

In the paper

“Ester splitting depends on water content, while pyrolytic elimination leads to the formation of an acid and a molecule with acrylic end groups.”

In the paper

“PLA hydrolysis lead to the cleavage of ester linkages, with the production of acid and alcohol groups.”

In the paper

“PLA is thermally unstable and exhibits rapid loss of Mw and consequent erosion of its mechanical properties as well.”

In the paper

“It was found that mechanical processing led to the quasi disappearance of crystal structure whereas it was recovered after annealing.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“Kopinke et al. proposed that above 200 °C, PLA can degrade through intra-and intermolecular ester exchange, cis-elimination, radical and concerted non-radical reactions, resulting in the formation of CO, CO 2 , acetaldehyde and methylketene [138,153].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [138] 138. L.T. Lim, R. Auras, M. Rubino, Prog. Polym. Sci. 33 (2008) 820-852.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [153] 153. F.D. Kopinke, M. Remmler, K. Mackenzie, M. Moder, O. Wachsen, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 53 (1996) 329-342.

In the paper

“The pyrolytic elimination results in species containing conjugated double bonds due to the carbonyl groups [147].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [147] 147. Y. Wang, B. Steinhoff, C. Brinkmann, I. Alig, Polymer 49 (2008) 1257-1265.

In the paper

“PLA thermal degradation partially starts at temperatures lower than the T m of the polymer, but the degradation rate rapidly increases above the T m .”

In the paper

“They observed Mw reductions greater than 50% and concluded that large Mw reductions were unavoidable.”

In the paper

“By analyzing 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR chemical shifts and peak areas, it was possible to affirm that the chemical composition of PLA did not change after processing, but the proportion of methyl groups increased, thus indicating the presence of a different molecular environment.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“In contrast, McNeill and Leiper proposed that thermal degradation of PLA is a non-radical, “backbiting” ester interchange reaction involving the -OH chain ends [152].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [152] 152. I.C. McNeill, H.A. Leiper, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 11 (1985) 309-326.

In the paper

“High Mw PLA is also naturally resistant to supporting bacterial and fungal growth, which allows it to be safely used for applications such as food packaging and sanitation.”

In the paper

“They have attributed this to the quick diffusion of low pH degradants from the interior of the high-porosity devices.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [167] 167. S. Lee, S.H. Kim, Y. Han, Y. Kim, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 39 (2001) 973-985. source

In the paper

“Because this occurs in the amorphous phase initially there is a reduction in Mw without a loss in physical properties as the device matrix is still held together by the crystalline regions.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [62] 62. J.C. Middleton, A.J. Tipton, Biomaterials 21 (2000) 2335-2346.

In the paper

“An acidic environment will catalyze the further degradation and cause further reduction in pH and may also be responsible for adverse tissue reactions [164].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [164] 164. K.A. Athanasiou, C.E. Agrawal, F.A. Barber, S.S. Burkhart, Arthrosc.: J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg. 14 (1998) 726-737.

In the paper

“They have found that Flax/PLLA biocomposites have been shown to be very promising biocomposites and exhibit interesting recycling properties, especially if it can be considered that in the industrial process recycled material would include both virgin and recycled matter (Tables 8 and 9).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [154] 154. Y. Fan, H. Nishida, Y. Shirai, Y. Tokiwa, T. Endo, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 86 (2004) 197-208.

In the paper

“Under typical use conditions, PLA is very stable and will retain its Mw and physical properties for years.”

In the paper

“In the first phase, water penetrates the bulk of the device, preferentially attacking the chemical bonds in the amorphous phase (due to the ability of water to permeate within the amorphous phase but not the crystalline phase) and converting long polymer chains into shorter, ultimately water-soluble fragments.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [62] 62. J.C. Middleton, A.J. Tipton, Biomaterials 21 (2000) 2335-2346.

In the paper

“Large devices implanted in areas with poor vascularization may degrade and overwhelm the body's ability to flush away degradants.This leads to a buildup of acidic byproducts.”

In the paper

“This two-stage degradation mechanism has led one researcher to report that the degradation rate at the surface of large lactide-glycolide implants is slower than the degradation in the interior [62].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [62] 62. J.C. Middleton, A.J. Tipton, Biomaterials 21 (2000) 2335-2346.

In the paper

“Finally, PLA industrial waste can support moderate recycling as well as other polyesters which is a significant improvement of the environmental impacts of this polymer.”

In the paper

“In contrast, stress and strain at break, rheological factors and the modulus and hardness probed by nanoindentation decrease for PLA (Table 8).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.

In the paper

“In these environments, PLA is initially degraded by hydrolysis and the soluble oligomers formed are metabolized by cells [44].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [44] 44. K. Hamad, M. Kaseem, H.W. Yang, F. Deri, Y.G. Ko1, Express Polym Lett 9 (2015) 435-455.

In the paper

“The major problem of recycling is the thermal stability of PLA, which has been reported as a complex process [154].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [154] 154. Y. Fan, H. Nishida, Y. Shirai, Y. Tokiwa, T. Endo, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 86 (2004) 197-208.

In the paper

“Yield strain, yield stress, and elongation to failure all decrease.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [62] 62. J.C. Middleton, A.J. Tipton, Biomaterials 21 (2000) 2335-2346.

In the paper

“The factors which accelerate polymer degradation are the following: 1) More hydrophilic monomer.2) More hydrophilic, acidic end groups.”

• Also stated in: § 3.2. Biodegradation · plain

  “3) More reactive hydrolytic group in the backbone.4) Less crystallinity.5) Smaller device size.”

In the paper

“Indeed, developing packaging materials requires high flexibility at RT and thus, there is no tolerance for the polymer film tearing or cracking when subjected to stresses during package manufacturing or use [138,221].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [138] 138. L.T. Lim, R. Auras, M. Rubino, Prog. Polym. Sci. 33 (2008) 820-852.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [221] 221. H. Younes, D. Cohn, Eur. Polym. J. 24 (1988) 765-773.

In the paper

“The thermal stability of the OH-terminated PLA was poor (likely due to lactide formation), and the hydrolytic stability of the COOH-terminated PLA was also poor.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [168] 168. H. Tsuji, M. Suzuki, Sen'i Gakkaishi 57 (2001) 198-202.

In the paper

“PLA and PLGA implants are susceptible to hydrolysis and their deformation at higher temperatures therefore precludes the use of these sterilization methods.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical DevicesPublished by Elsevier Inc.©, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-22805-3.00003-7. source

In the paper

“Often this is not viable because the time involved would significantly delay product development and therefore, accelerated aging techniques are required [216].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [216] 216. Y. Chen, J.F. Davalos, I. Ray, H.Y. Kim, Compos. Struct. 78 (2007) 101-111.

In the paper

“The Mw decreased in all cases, although in most cases the elastic modulus tended to increase [206].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [206] 206. Y. Aoyagi, K. Yamashita, Y. Doi, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 76 (2002) 53-59.

In the paper

“Consequently, knowing the chain scission kinetics, it will be possible to predict the embrittlement time, in other words the time when Mn is below 40 kg/mol: this time is around 150 h, 250 h and 500 h for the PLA aged at 150, 130 and 100 °C respectively [220].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [220] 220. N.S. Anderson, K.M. Schreck, M.A. Hillmyer, Polym. Rev. 48 (2008) 85-108.

In the paper

“In the later stages of hydrolysis, the more persistent crystalline region's Mw approaches that of the lamellar thickness, and the degradation mechanism will change to that of surface erosion [8].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“For example, PLLA at 129 °C for 60 s resulted in minimal change in tensile properties of the tested PLLA.However, this method resulted in a significant decrease in the Mw, which would affect the degradation kinetics of the polymer [4].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical DevicesPublished by Elsevier Inc.©, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-22805-3.00003-7. source

In the paper

“Thus, the selection of the correct sterilization technique for PLA for implants is crucial to their physical and mechanical properties, and hence to their performance in vivo and in some cases it may cause early implant failure [203].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [203] 203. W. Michaeli, R. Von Oepen, ANTEC, 1994 796-804.

In the paper

“According to this study, the absorption of water was resulted in several degradation mechanisms: hydrolysis (reduction in Mw), structural changes, degradation of the fiber/matrix interface, differential swelling at the fiber-matrix interface and degradation of fibers and therefore in a reduction in mechanical properties.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [219] 219. D. Rasselet, A. Ruellan, A. Guinault, G. Miquelard-Garnier, C. Sollogoub, B. Fayolle, Eur. Polym. J. 50 (2014) 109-116.

In the paper

“The stiffness of unreinforced PLLA was found to hardly be affected by water, but the biocomposites lose tensile stiffness and strength progressively as water enters the material, suggesting that fiber/matrix interface weakening is the main damage mechanism induced by wet aging [219].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [219] 219. D. Rasselet, A. Ruellan, A. Guinault, G. Miquelard-Garnier, C. Sollogoub, B. Fayolle, Eur. Polym. J. 50 (2014) 109-116.

In the paper

“PLA brings a new combination of attributes to packaging, including stiffness, clarity, dead fold and twist retention, low-temperature heat sealability, as well as an interesting combination of barrier properties including flavor, and aroma barrier characteristics.”

In the paper

“PLA based polymers in addition to being susceptible to damage by moisture and radiation, are heat sensitive due to their thermoplastic nature.”

In the paper

“Generally, modifiers have been studied to improve stiffness at elevated temperatures, reduce cost, or increase the degradation rate of PLA.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [3] 3. M. Jamshidian, E. Arab-Tehrany, M. Imran, M. Jacquot, S. Desobry, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 9 (2010) 552-571.

In the paper

“In the case of semicrystalline polymers like PLA, an efficient plasticizer has to reduce the T g but also to depress the T m and the crystallinity [155,222].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [222] 222. N. Ljungberg, B. Wesslen, Biomacromolecules 6 (2005) 1789-1796.

In the paper

“So far, the large-scale use of biodegradable PLA as packaging material is partially hampered by its high cost as well as low performances.”

In the paper

“EtO sterilization is performed at temperatures of 50-60 °C, which can lead to Mw loss, and in some cases as well EtO is chemically highly reactive and acts as a plasticizer for PLA based polymers, which can lead to changes in the polymer structure.”

In the paper

“Potentially, PLA fulfills the packaging industry's requirements for most of the rigid objects but the polymer needs to be plasticized to be used as soft films [155].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.

In the paper

“The authors declared that grafting did not lead to a dramatic drop of PLA Mw by thermal degradation or hydrolysis of ester chains while lowering significantly the T g compared to the blends without grafting (neat PLA + PEG) and a negligible effect on viscoelastic and viscoplastic mechanical behaviors of PLA was found.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [231] 231. Y. Hu, Y.S. Hu, V. Topolkaraev, A. Hiltner, E. Baer, Polymer 44 (2003) 5711-5720.

In the paper

“So far the most common plasticizers used for PLA are low MW PEG [79,188,222,224,225,232,233], citrate [175,229,230,234] and oligomeric lactic acid, giving the best results, while glycerol was found to be the least efficient plasticizer [15,235,236].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [79] 79. S. Jacobsen, H.G. Fritz, Polym. Eng. Sci. 39 (1999) 1303-1310.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [188] 188. T. Ke, S.X. Sun, P. Seib, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 89 (2003) 3639-3646.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [222] 222. N. Ljungberg, B. Wesslen, Biomacromolecules 6 (2005) 1789-1796.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [175] 175. N. Ljungberg, D. Colombini, B. Wessle'en, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 96 (2005) 992-1002.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [229] 229. N. Ljungberg, B. Wesslen, Polymer 44 (2003) 7679-7688.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [230] 230. F. Hassoun, J.M. Raquez, F. Addiego, P. Dubois, V. Toniazzo, D. Ruch, Eur. Polym. J. 47 (2011) 2134-2144.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [15] 15. R.M. Rasal, A.V. Janorkar, D.E. Hirta, Prog. Polym. Sci. 35 (2010) 338-356.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [235] 235. O. Martin, L. Avérous, Polymer 42 (2001) 6209-6219.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [236] 236. Y. Srithep, D. Pholharn, L. Turng, O. Veangin, J. Morris, J. Polym. Eng. (2015) 0357, http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0357. source

In the paper

“This material has lower tensile strength and higher elongation and much more rapid degradation time making it more attractive as a drug delivery system [62].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [62] 62. J.C. Middleton, A.J. Tipton, Biomaterials 21 (2000) 2335-2346.

In the paper

“The selection starts by planning crystallinity level as it influences many polymer properties including hardness, modulus, tensile strength, stiffness, crease point, and melting point [3].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [3] 3. M. Jamshidian, E. Arab-Tehrany, M. Imran, M. Jacquot, S. Desobry, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 9 (2010) 552-571.

In the paper

“Talc and ethylene bis-stearamide (EBS) nucleating agents both showed dramatic increases in crystallization rate and final crystalline content as indicated by isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization measurements (Table 16), [248].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [248] 248. S.C. Schmidt, M.A. Hillmyer, J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 39 (2001) 300-313.

In the paper

“The more efficient plasticizers are PBOH, AGM and DBS that give mechanical characteristics that can be consistent with soft packaging applications [155].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.

In the paper

“The study outcome was that plasticizers blended with PLA lowered the T g and modified the melting and crystallization characteristics.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.

In the paper

“PLLA is about 37% crystalline with a T m of 175-178 °C and a T g of 60-65 °C [265].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [265] 265. S.W. Shalaby, R.A. Johnson, in: S.W. Shalaby (Ed.), Biomedical Polymers. Designed to Degrade Systems, Hanser, New York 1994, pp. 1-34.

In the paper

“In comparison of selfnucleation with the heterogeneous nucleation obtained from the addition of talc, self-nucleation was found much more efficient and reduced the crystallization half time by nearly 40-fold, in the best case, while a similar loading of talc only decreased the half time by just over 2-fold.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [237] 237. Z. Su, Q. Li, Y. Liu, W. Guo, C. Wu, Polym. Eng. Sci. 50 (2010) 1658-1666.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [249] 249. J.S. Soares, J.E. Moore, K.R. Rajogopal, ASAIO J. 54 (2008) 295-301.

In the paper

“The mechanical properties and structural integrity of bulk biomaterials are altered by their processing into scaffolds of various pore sizes and volume, shape, orientations and connectivity, and further that these properties will rapidly diminish as a function of implantation time [262].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [262] 262. M. Van Dijk, D.C. Tunc, T.H. Smit, P. Hingham, E.H. Burger, P.I. Wuisman, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 63 (2002) 752-759.

In the paper

“An increase of over 30 °C in the heat distortion temperature and improved strength and modulus by upwards of 25% were achieved.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [248] 248. S.C. Schmidt, M.A. Hillmyer, J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 39 (2001) 300-313.

In the paper

“Process changes also had a significant effect on the final crystallinity of molded neat PLA, which was shown to increase from 5 to 42%.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [248] 248. S.C. Schmidt, M.A. Hillmyer, J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 39 (2001) 300-313.

In the paper

“However, due to the lower stiffness and strength of PLLA compared to metals, the struts are typically required to be thicker than what is used with conventional metal stents in order to obtain the desired radial strength.This may lead to poor deliverability, platelet deposition, and vessel injury [250][251][252][253]162].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [250][251][252][253]162]

In the paper

“The PEGs are the most efficient plasticizers used for PLA for the T g reduction and it clearly appears that for compositions higher than 20% of plasticizer, all the blends presented a limit of miscibility and the T g reaches a plateau value.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.

In the paper

“The degradation time of PLLA is much slower than that of PDLLA requiring greater than 2 years to be completely absorbed [35].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [35] 35. J.E. Bergsma, W.C. De Bruijn, F.R. Rozema, R.R.M. Bos, G. Boering, Biomaterials 16 (1995) 25-31.

In the paper

“The authors found that the addition of Hexamoll® DINCH, TBC, and MMT can efficiently decrease the T g of PLA and improve the crystallinity of PLA polymer.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [235] 235. O. Martin, L. Avérous, Polymer 42 (2001) 6209-6219.

In the paper

“PLLAs exhibit high tensile strength and low elongation and consequently have high modulus that makes them more applicable than the amorphous polymers for load-bearing applications such as in orthopedic fixation and sutures.”

In the paper

“Lactide monomer, for instance, is a good candidate to plasticizing PLA but it tends to migrate to the material's surface causing a stiffening of the films in time [155].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.

In the paper

“Binder fibers are unique in that low crystallinity in the sheath layer is desired to allow ease of melting and adhesion to other fibers; thus, high (8-20%) D-or meso-lactide content is incorporated [8].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“Currently, Nature Works LLC is the leader in lactic polymer technology and markets.”

In the paper

“Nevertheless, the bioplastic market is growing by 20-30% each year [160].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [160] 160. K.M. Nampoothiri, N.R. Nair, R.P. John, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 8493-8501.

In the paper

“Another important advantage is avoiding a second surgical procedure to remove unnecessary hardware, which reduces medical costs and allows for the gradual recovery of tissue function as the device is degraded simply by hydrolysis without any use of enzymes or catalysts (Fig. 13) [1,44,279].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [1] 1. M. Savioli Lopes, A.L. Jardini, R. Maciel Filho, Procedia Eng. 42 (2012) 1402-1413.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [44] 44. K. Hamad, M. Kaseem, H.W. Yang, F. Deri, Y.G. Ko1, Express Polym Lett 9 (2015) 435-455.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [279] 279. F.A. Barber, B.F. Elrod, D.A. McGuire, L.E. Paulos, J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg. 11 (1995) 537-548.

In the paper

“Most fiber applications require polymer with high optical purity (OP) to allow high levels of crystallinity to develop and to have adequate heat resistance in the application.”

In the paper

“PLA is the first commodity plastic to incorporate these principles and is currently the most promising and popular material with the brightest development prospect and is considered as the 'green' ecofriendly material [8,160].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [160] 160. K.M. Nampoothiri, N.R. Nair, R.P. John, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 8493-8501.

In the paper

“The PLA may take 10 months to 4 years to degrade, depending on the microstructural factors such as chemical composition, porosity and crystallinity that may influence tensile strength for specific uses [1].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [1] 1. M. Savioli Lopes, A.L. Jardini, R. Maciel Filho, Procedia Eng. 42 (2012) 1402-1413.

In the paper

“PLA is readily melt spinnable, stress crystallizes upon drawing, and can be designed for many fiber applications.”

In the paper

“For a few years, natural foods purveyors have been quietly using some PLA products, but the material got its biggest boost when Wal-Mart, the world's largest retailer, announced that they will sell some produce in PLA containers [160].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [160] 160. K.M. Nampoothiri, N.R. Nair, R.P. John, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 8493-8501.

In the paper

“PLA is ideally suited for many applications in the environment where recovery of the product is not practical, such as agricultural mulch films and bags.”

In the paper

“Another typical investigative approach is the use of nanometric additives [315], which have been reported to dramatically change rheological properties of polymer melts and to improve functional properties such as barrier to gases and vapors, mechanical properties and thermal stability”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [315] 315. A. Paul, C. Delcourt, M. Alexandre, P. Dege, F. Monteverde, P. Dubois, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 87 (2005) 535-542.

In the paper

“PLA and 3D printing -Merging the 3D printing technology with intrinsic properties of PLA was found to be a promising way to produce complex biomedical devices according to computer design using patient-specific anatomical data as well as in wide range of industrial and architectural applications [302].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [302] 302. H.N. Chia, B.M. Wu, J. Biol. Eng. 9 (4) (2015) 1-14.

In the paper

“For example, PLA in food packaging applications is ideal for fresh products and those whose quality is not damaged by PLA oxygen permeability [3].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [3] 3. M. Jamshidian, E. Arab-Tehrany, M. Imran, M. Jacquot, S. Desobry, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 9 (2010) 552-571.

In the paper

“In this field, as a native form or in a blend, PLA contributes tremendously to packaging material stiffness, clarity, deadfold and twist retention, low-temperature heat sealability, and special barrier characteristics (i.e.aroma and flavor).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [3] 3. M. Jamshidian, E. Arab-Tehrany, M. Imran, M. Jacquot, S. Desobry, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 9 (2010) 552-571.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [310] 310. R.A. Cairncross, J.G. Becker, S. Ramaswamy, R. OConnor, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 31 (2006) 774-785.

In the paper

“Nevertheless it is important to take into account that product shelf life is favored by decreasing plasticizer content and/or orientation [160].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [160] 160. K.M. Nampoothiri, N.R. Nair, R.P. John, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 8493-8501.

In the paper

“Some of the beneficial characteristics of PLA fiber products include its natural soft feel, ease of processing, and unique stain and soil resistance.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“These models, if applied properly, can provide great insight into the response of various materials and designs.”

In the paper

“Active substances that are important and considered for novel bioactive packaging include antimicrobials, vitamins, phytochemicals, prebiotics, marine oils, and immobilized enzymes [318].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [318] 318. R.D. Joerger, Packag. Technol. Sci. 20 (2007) 231-273.

In the paper

“Learning from nature what the function of a fiber in a plant is we can design the composite properties by adding seed fibers with high elongations for improved impact or stem fiber for improved stiffness.”

In the paper

“In this area, we have also found that less attention has been given to inorganic nano-particles while various have been recognized as possible additives to enhance the polymer performance, their potential in combination with PLA should be further studied.”

In the paper

“PLA is a leading candidate for consumer and biomedical applications, and the ability to tailor its mechanical, physical, microstructural, chemical, and degradation properties for specific applications makes the market capacity of PLA products unlimited and that has catalyzed an extensive and growing amount of research aimed at utilizing these materials in innovative ways and applications.”

In the paper

“However, very limited attention have been given for studying blends stability under different aging conditions (e.g. in different environments, during storage, during reprocessing), this part is highly essential and should be further focused on impartial evaluation of these new compositions advantage, in terms of durability and applicability, in comparison to classical reported compositions (PLA:P”

In the paper

“The most widely used bacteriocin in active food packaging is nisin due to its GRAS status [320].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [320] 320. T. Jin, L. Liu, H. Zhang, K. Hicks, Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 44 (2009) 322-329.

In the paper

“Solvent casting technique was extensively reported for starch, zein and PLA-based antimicrobial film production [319,[326][327][328].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [319] 319. FDA, FDA/CFSAN/OPA: Agency Response Letter: GRAS Notice No. GRN 000065, 2001.

In the paper

“The incorporation of antimicrobial agents into PLA packaging material slows down their release and helps to maintain high concentrations of the active compounds against pathogenic bacteria like Listeria monocytogenes [321].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [321] 321. T. Ariyapitipun, A. Mustapha, A.D. Clarke, J. Food Prot. 62 (1999) 913-920.

In the paper

“The innovative strength of PLA antimicrobial packaging has a direct impact on consumer health by creating safer and more wholesome packaged foods as well as prolong the shelf life of packaged food products by slowing down or inhibiting those mechanisms that are responsible for packaged food products unacceptability [170].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [170] 170. A. Sorrentino, G. Gorrasi, V. Vittoria, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 18 (2007) 84-95.