Physical and mechanical properties of PLA, and their functions in widespread applications — A comprehensive review

In the paper

“Raw material exhibited slightly higher thermal stability (~331 °C) than processed materials (323-325 °C) (Table 5).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“Extruded/injected materials showed a significant increase in elongation at break (32-35% higher), compared to injected materials.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“These findings were corroborated by DSC (degrees of crystallinity of 4% for injected material, 8% for extruded/ injected material and 33-35% for annealed materials) and X-ray diffraction (45-47% for annealed materials).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“Thermal decomposition occurred within the temperature range of 325-375 °C.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“Stress at break was found to decrease from 66.5 to 56.0 and 23.0 MPa, and strain at break from 0.060 to 0.025 and 0.005 mm/mm after 3 and 7 injection cycles respectively [155].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.

In the paper

“Stress at break was found to decrease from 66.5 to 56.0 and 23.0 MPa, and strain at break from 0.060 to 0.025 and 0.005 mm/mm after 3 and 7 injection cycles respectively [155].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.

In the paper

“The results showed also that flax/PLLA composites undergo permanent changes after immersion in seawater.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [219] 219. D. Rasselet, A. Ruellan, A. Guinault, G. Miquelard-Garnier, C. Sollogoub, B. Fayolle, Eur. Polym. J. 50 (2014) 109-116.

In the paper

“The greatest overall reduction in TS, flexural strength, YM, and flexural modulus was observed for AUL composites than for AAL composites.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [216] 216. Y. Chen, J.F. Davalos, I. Ray, H.Y. Kim, Compos. Struct. 78 (2007) 101-111.

In the paper

“A reduction in tensile strength (TS), flexural strength, Young's modulus (YM), and flexural modulus from their mean values for neat PLA and composites with increased aging duration was observed (Table 12).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [216] 216. Y. Chen, J.F. Davalos, I. Ray, H.Y. Kim, Compos. Struct. 78 (2007) 101-111.

In the paper

“Although, huge attempts to improve PLA physical-mechanical properties for packaging or medical applications using plasticizers have been reported, there is limited information found regarding aging under several conditions for these blends.”

In the paper

“Lactic acid can be made by fermentation of sugars obtained from renewable resources as such sugarcane or corn starch [4].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical DevicesPublished by Elsevier Inc.©, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-22805-3.00003-7. source

In the paper

“Although its tensile strength and elastic modulus are comparable to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) [17,18], the poor toughness limits its use in the applications that need plastic deformation at higher stress levels (e.g., screws and fracture fixation plates) [15].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [17] 17. R. Auras, B. Harte, S. Selke, Macromol. Biosci. 4 (2004) 835-864.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] 18. S. Farah, K.R. Kunduru, A. Basu, A.J. Domb. Edition: 1st edition, Chapter: 8, Publisher: Elsevier, Editors: P. M. Visakh, M. Liang, 2015, pp. 143-165. source

In the paper

“The FDA has also approved PLA for direct contacting with biological fluids [16].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [16] 16. B. Gupta, N. Revagade, J. Hilborn, Prog. Polym. Sci. 32 (2007) 455-482.

In the paper

“PLA degrades through the hydrolysis of backbone ester groups and the degradation rate depends on the PLA crystallinity, Mw and its distribution, morphology, water diffusion rate into the polymer, and the stereoisomeric content [20].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [20] 20. A.V. Janorkar, A.T. Metters, D.E. Hirt, Macromolecules 37 (2004) 9151-9159.

In the paper

“Its production also consumes carbon dioxide [14].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [14] 14. J.R. Dorgan, H.J. Lehermeier, L.I. Palade, J. Cicero, Macromol. Symp. 175 (2001) 55-66.

In the paper

“They are characterized by different helix conformations and cell symmetries, which develop upon different thermal and/or mechanical treatments [1].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [1] 1. M. Savioli Lopes, A.L. Jardini, R. Maciel Filho, Procedia Eng. 42 (2012) 1402-1413.

In the paper

“Although its tensile strength and elastic modulus are comparable to poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) [17,18], the poor toughness limits its use in the applications that need plastic deformation at higher stress levels (e.g., screws and fracture fixation plates) [15].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [15] 15. R.M. Rasal, A.V. Janorkar, D.E. Hirta, Prog. Polym. Sci. 35 (2010) 338-356.

In the paper

“It is easily processable on standard plastic equipment to yield molded parts, film, or fibers [4,5].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical DevicesPublished by Elsevier Inc.©, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-22805-3.00003-7. source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [5] 5. D. Garlotta, J. Polym. Environ. 9 (2002) 63-84.

In the paper

“Environmental, economic, and safety challenges have provoked packaging scientists and producers to partially substitute petrochemicalbased polymers with biodegradable ones [3].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [3] 3. M. Jamshidian, E. Arab-Tehrany, M. Imran, M. Jacquot, S. Desobry, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 9 (2010) 552-571.

In the paper

“Properties of PLA depend on its component isomers, processing temperature, annealing time and Mw [6,24,25].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [6] 6. A.J. Lasprilla, G.A. Martinez, B.H. Lunelli, A.L. Jardini, R.M. Filho, Biotechnol. Adv. 30 (2012) 321-328.
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  cites [24] 24. T. Malmgren, J. Mays, M. Pyda, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 83 (2006) 35-40.
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  cites [25] 25. R. Franschini, R. Plesu, J.R. Sarasua, R.E. Prud home, J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 43 (2005) 3308-3315.

In the paper

“Lower energy use makes PLA production potentially advantageous with respect to cost as well.”

In the paper

“The crystallization kinetic of the branched polymer was faster than that of the linear analog.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [38] 38. J.R. Dorgan, H. Lehermeier, M. Mang, J. Polym. Environ. 8 (2000) 1-9.

In the paper

“PLA can also be tailored by formulation involving co-polymerization of the lactide with other lactone-type monomers, hydrophilic macromonomers (PEG), other monomers with functional groups (such as amino and carboxylic groups), or blending PLA with other materials [6,40].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [6] 6. A.J. Lasprilla, G.A. Martinez, B.H. Lunelli, A.L. Jardini, R.M. Filho, Biotechnol. Adv. 30 (2012) 321-328.
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  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [40] 40. Y. Cheng, S. Deng, P. Chen, R. Ruan, Front. Chem. Chin. 4 (2009) 259-264.

In the paper

“In the second stage, the Mw is reduced until the lactic acid and low Mw oligomers are naturally metabolized by microorganisms to yield carbon dioxide and water [17,30].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [17] 17. R. Auras, B. Harte, S. Selke, Macromol. Biosci. 4 (2004) 835-864.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [30] 30. H.T. Oyama, Y. Tanaka, A. Kadosaka, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94 (2009) 1419-1426.

In the paper

“PLA degradation occurs in two stages.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [17] 17. R. Auras, B. Harte, S. Selke, Macromol. Biosci. 4 (2004) 835-864.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [30] 30. H.T. Oyama, Y. Tanaka, A. Kadosaka, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94 (2009) 1419-1426.

In the paper

“Physical characteristics such as density, heat capacity, and mechanical and rheological properties of PLA are dependent on its T g [8].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“The T m and degree of crystallinity are depended on the molar mass, thermal history and purity of the polymer [29].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [29] 29. A. Södergard, M. Stolt, Prog. Polym. Sci. 27 (2002) 1123-1163.

In the paper

“In an earlier study by Shogren the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of crystalline and amorphous PLA in 6, 25, and 49 °C was reported as 27, 82, and 333 g/m 2 per day for the crystalline form and 54, 172, and 1100 g/m 2 per day for the amorphous form, respectively [45].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [45] 45. R. Shogren, J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 5 (1997) 91-95.

In the paper

“For semicrystalline PLA, both T g and T m are important physical parameters for predicting PLA behavior [17,27,28].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [17] 17. R. Auras, B. Harte, S. Selke, Macromol. Biosci. 4 (2004) 835-864.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [27] 27. L. Bouapao, H. Tsuji, K. Tashiro, J. Zhang, M. Hanesaka, Polymer 50 (2009) 4007-4017.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [28] 28. H. Tsuji, Y. Ikada, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 67 (2000) 179-189.

In the paper

“For example, due to higher crystallinity of biaxially oriented PLA film, CH 4 permeation is 4.5 times lower than that of the other films.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [38] 38. J.R. Dorgan, H. Lehermeier, M. Mang, J. Polym. Environ. 8 (2000) 1-9.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [43] 43. H.J. Lehermeier, J.R. Dorgan, J.D. Way, J. Membr. Sci. 190 (2001) 243-251.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [44] 44. K. Hamad, M. Kaseem, H.W. Yang, F. Deri, Y.G. Ko1, Express Polym Lett 9 (2015) 435-455.

In the paper

“As a consequence, PLA is suitable for packaging a wide range of food applications [3,47].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [3] 3. M. Jamshidian, E. Arab-Tehrany, M. Imran, M. Jacquot, S. Desobry, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 9 (2010) 552-571.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [47] 47. R.A. Auras, S.P. Singh, J.J. Singh, Packag. Technol. Sci. 18 (2005) 207-216.

In the paper

“First, random non-enzymatic chain scission of the ester groups leads to a reduction in Mw.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [17] 17. R. Auras, B. Harte, S. Selke, Macromol. Biosci. 4 (2004) 835-864.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [30] 30. H.T. Oyama, Y. Tanaka, A. Kadosaka, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94 (2009) 1419-1426.

In the paper

“The melting temperature (T m ), and the glass transition temperature (T g ) of PLA decrease with decreasing amounts of PLLA [7].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [7] 7. R. Auras, L.T. Lim, S.E.M. Selke, H. Tsuji, New Jersey: Jhon Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010.

In the paper

“PLA properties may be controlled through the use of special catalysts of isotactic and syndiotactic content with different enantiometric units [16].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [16] 16. B. Gupta, N. Revagade, J. Hilborn, Prog. Polym. Sci. 32 (2007) 455-482.

In the paper

“By modification of the chain architecture through the introduction of branching, different melt flow properties will be obtained [1].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [1] 1. M. Savioli Lopes, A.L. Jardini, R. Maciel Filho, Procedia Eng. 42 (2012) 1402-1413.

In the paper

“Any factor which affects the reactivity and the accessibility, such as particle size and shape, temperature, moisture, crystallinity, % isomer, residual lactic acid concentration, Mw, water diffusion and metal impurities from the catalyst, will affect the polymer degradation rate [2,17,[31][32][33].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [2,17,[31][32][33]

In the paper

“This particular functionalized PLA has a favorable biodegradation rate [37].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [37] 37. E. Jabbari, X. He, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 19 (2008) 311-318.

In the paper

“Longer relaxation times in the terminal region of the branched material introduced it as a higher zero shear rate viscosity.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [38] 38. J.R. Dorgan, H. Lehermeier, M. Mang, J. Polym. Environ. 8 (2000) 1-9.

In the paper

“They concluded that by utilizing the structure modifications through polymer branching the ability of using PLA in many processing operations will be extended.”

In the paper

“They also concluded that changes in Mn of PLA films in the range of 9 × 10 4 to 5 × 10 5 g/mol and D-lactide unit content of PLA films in the range of 0% to 50% have insignificant effects on their WVTR values [3,46].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [3] 3. M. Jamshidian, E. Arab-Tehrany, M. Imran, M. Jacquot, S. Desobry, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 9 (2010) 552-571.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [46] 46. H. Tsuji, R. Okino, H. Daimon, K. Fujie, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 99 (2006) 2245-2252.

In the paper

“This prolonged existence in vivo in some organs may lead to inflammation and infection [35].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [35] 35. J.E. Bergsma, W.C. De Bruijn, F.R. Rozema, R.R.M. Bos, G. Boering, Biomaterials 16 (1995) 25-31.

In the paper

“Below this temperature PLA will only behave as a brittle polymer [8].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“For example, it has been shown that tensile modulus of PLLA increases by a factor of 2 when the Mw is raised from 50 to 100 kDa [10], and tensile strengths of 15.5, 80 and 150 MPa, for varying the Mw from 50 over 150 to 200 kDa respectively [48].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [10] 10. Anders Sodergard, Mikael Stolt, Prog. Polym. Sci. 27 (2002) 1123-1163.

In the paper

“By utilizing stereoselective catalysts in the polymerization, semicrystalline polymers have been prepared both from meso-lactide [70] and rac-lactide [71,72].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [70] 70. T.M. Ovitt, G.W. Coates, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (1999) 4072-4073.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] 71. C.P. Radano, G.L. Baker, M.R. Smith, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 1552-1553. source
• ?Not matched

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  cites [72] 72. T.M. Ovitt, G.W. Coates, J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 38 (2000) 4686-4692.

In the paper

“For example, it has been shown that tensile modulus of PLLA increases by a factor of 2 when the Mw is raised from 50 to 100 kDa [10], and tensile strengths of 15.5, 80 and 150 MPa, for varying the Mw from 50 over 150 to 200 kDa respectively [48].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [48] 48. K. Van de Velde, P. Kiekens, Polym. Test. 21 (2002) 433-442.

In the paper

“The ability to control the stereochemical architecture allows precise control over the speed and degree of crystallinity, the mechanical properties, and the processing temperatures of the material.”

In the paper

“It has been found that tensile properties are clearly best for the densest reported polymers, especially for poly(glycolic acid) (PGA).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [48] 48. K. Van de Velde, P. Kiekens, Polym. Test. 21 (2002) 433-442.

In the paper

“This has been noticed for PLAs prepared by both polycondensation and ring-opening polymerization [83].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [83] 83. I. Ajioka, K. Enomoto, K. Suzuki, A. Yamaguchi, J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 3 (1995) 225-234.

In the paper

“It should be emphasized that the mechanical properties of polymers of similar Mw, but prepared by different polymerization processes, have been shown not to differ.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [83] 83. I. Ajioka, K. Enomoto, K. Suzuki, A. Yamaguchi, J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 3 (1995) 225-234.

In the paper

“The rac-PLA prepared by using a racemic aluminum alkoxide catalyst was reported to have a T m of 191 °C with a ΔH of 42 J/g [71].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] 71. C.P. Radano, G.L. Baker, M.R. Smith, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 1552-1553. source

In the paper

“Variations such as block and star copolymers of D-and L-lactide show this same stereocomplexation [77].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] 77. M.H. Hartmann, in: D.L. Kaplan (Ed.), Biopolymers From Renewable Resources, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1998, pp. 367-411. source

In the paper

“Different from thermal properties, the mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of PLA are very dependent on the Mw and stereo chemical makeup of the backbone [5].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [5] 5. D. Garlotta, J. Polym. Environ. 9 (2002) 63-84.

In the paper

“The high T m was believed to be the result from co-crystallization of enantiomerically pure D-and L-PLA leading to a stereocomplex formation.”

In the paper

“These temperatures for PLA are ranging from 190 to 250 °C [49,51,52,[55][56][57][58].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [49,51,52,[55][56][57][58]

In the paper

“PLA degradation is dependent on time, temperature, low-Mw impurities, and catalyst concentration [5].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [5] 5. D. Garlotta, J. Polym. Environ. 9 (2002) 63-84.

In the paper

“It has also been observed that a 1:1 mixture of pure PLLA with pure PDLA will yield an insoluble gel formed by the stereocomplexation (racemic crystallite) of the two polymers during crystallization or polymerization [75,76].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [75] 75. H. Yamane, K. Sasai, Polymer 44 (2003) 2569-2575.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [76] 76. Y. Furuhashi, Y. Kimura, N. Yoshie, H. Yamane, Polymer 47 (2006) 5965-5972.

In the paper

“It has been observed that an optical purity of at least 72-75%, corresponding to about 30 isotactic lactyl units, is required for the crystallization to take place [66].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [66] 66. J. Huang, M.S. Lisowski, J. Runt, E.S. Hall, R.T. Kean, N. Buehler, J.S. Lin, Macromole- cules 31 (1998) 2593-2599.

In the paper

“It is attributed to a higher number of chains, due to chain scissions in reprocessed materials, Table 6.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“After annealing, samples showed an increase in Young's modulus (5-11%) and in yield strength (15-18%), which is explained by the higher degree of crystallinity of annealed materials, with its subsequent decrease in chain mobility.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“Different factors like particle/device size and polymer shape, temperature, moisture, crystallinity, % D-isomer, residual lactic acid concentration, Mw and its distribution, water diffusion, and metal impurities from the catalyst will affect the polymer degradation rate [3].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [3] 3. M. Jamshidian, E. Arab-Tehrany, M. Imran, M. Jacquot, S. Desobry, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 9 (2010) 552-571.

In the paper

“For the case of injection molding of PLA a Mw decrease of 14-40% was reported [78].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [78] 78. G. Perego, G.D. Cella, C. Bastioli, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 59 (1996) 37-43.

In the paper

“Only a few studies considered the intermolecular transesterification [149,150] as a mechanism present during degradation in the melt, which can be minimized by the addition of benzoyl peroxide [151], 1,4-dianthraquinone [152] and other stabilizers.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [151] 151. A. Södergard, J.H. Näsman, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 46 (1994) 25-30.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [152] 152. I.C. McNeill, H.A. Leiper, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 11 (1985) 309-326.

In the paper

“They require processing temperatures in excess of 185-190 °C [139].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [139] 139. M. Spinu, C. Jackson, M.Y. Keating, K.H. Gardner, J. Macromol. Sci., Pure Appl. Chem. A33 (1996) 1497-1530.

In the paper

“They found that fast cooling after injection molding did not allow the polymer chains to rearrange into a crystalline structure.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“On the other hand, unfortunately, the T m depression is accompanied by a significant decrease in crystallinity and crystallization rates [139].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [139] 139. M. Spinu, C. Jackson, M.Y. Keating, K.H. Gardner, J. Macromol. Sci., Pure Appl. Chem. A33 (1996) 1497-1530.

In the paper

“The general trend is a slight decrease of its mechanical properties after several injections or molding processes according to the nature of the polymer [140].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“Consequently, PLA homopolymers have a very narrow processing window.”

In the paper

“The ester linkages of PLA tend to degrade during thermal processing or under hydrolytic conditions [143].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [143] 143. V. Taubner, R. Shishoo, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 79 (2001) 2128-2135.

In the paper

“They found that processing of PLA was responsible for a decrease in Mw, as determined by GPC, due to chain scission.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“On the contrary, after annealing, an important crystalline structure was created.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“The formation of acetaldehyde is expected to increase with increasing process temperature due to the increased rate of the degradation reactions.”

In the paper

“PLA quickly loses its thermal stability when heated above its T m .”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [141] 141. D.M. Bigg, In Society of Plastics Engineers-Annual Technical Conference, 541996 2028-2039.

In the paper

“The most widely used method for improving PLA processability is based on T m depression by the random incorporation of small amounts of lactide enantiomers of opposite configuration into the polymer (i.e., adding a small amount of D-lactide to the L-lactide to obtain PDLLA).”

In the paper

“A significant level of molecular degradation occurred when PLA was held 10 °C above its T m (~160 °C) for a sustained period of time, Fig. 4.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [141] 141. D.M. Bigg, In Society of Plastics Engineers-Annual Technical Conference, 541996 2028-2039.

In the paper

“PLA radical degradation only needs be taken into consideration at temperatures above 250 °C.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [153] 153. F.D. Kopinke, M. Remmler, K. Mackenzie, M. Moder, O. Wachsen, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 53 (1996) 329-342.

In the paper

“The degradation of PLA during the melt is mainly caused by intramolecular transesterification reactions leading to cyclic oligomers of lactic acid and lactide.”

In the paper

“Oxidation of PLA didn't occur to a measurable extent during thermal degradation [142].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [142] 142. C. Migliaresi, D. Cohn, A. DeLollis, L. Fambri, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 43 (1991) 83-95. source

In the paper

“In the case of intermolecular transesterification, a reaction between two ester molecules exchanges their radicals, thus leading to a variation of the distribution of Mws [140].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“This is a less important side reaction [140].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [140] 140. F. Carrasco, P. Pagès, J. Gámez-Pérez, O.O. Santana, M.L. Maspoch, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 116-125.

In the paper

“The primary mechanism of degradation occurs by a twostep process starting also with hydrolysis, followed by bacterial attack on the fragmented residues.”

In the paper

“However stereochemistry, crystallinity, Mw, and applied loads are the main factors influencing the rate of degradation of PLA [163].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [163] 163. Z. Zhou, J. Zhou, Q. Yi, L. Liu, Y. Zhao, H. Nie, Polym. Bull. 65 (2010) 411-423.

In the paper

“They found that only the tensile modulus remains constant with the thermo-mechanical cycles.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.

In the paper

“On the other hand, PLA degradation upon disposal in the environment (environmental degradation) is more challenging because PLA is largely resistant to attack by microorganisms in soil or sewage under ambient conditions.”

In the paper

“The addition of stabilizers suppresses this crystallization during cooling.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.

In the paper

“In the interior of the device the inability of large polymeric degradation products to diffuse away from the bulk device results in a local acidic environment in the interior of the implant.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [62] 62. J.C. Middleton, A.J. Tipton, Biomaterials 21 (2000) 2335-2346.

In the paper

“The increased acidic environment catalyzes further degradation resulting in accelerated hydrolysis of the ester linkages in the interior.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [62] 62. J.C. Middleton, A.J. Tipton, Biomaterials 21 (2000) 2335-2346.

In the paper

“The degradation-absorption mechanism is the result of many interrelated factors, including 1) the chemical stability of the polymer backbone, 2) the presence of catalysts, 3) additives, impurities or plasticizers, 4) the geometry and location of the device.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [62] 62. J.C. Middleton, A.J. Tipton, Biomaterials 21 (2000) 2335-2346.

In the paper

“PLA has a relatively long half-life of hydrolysis due to steric effects where the alkyl group hinders the attack by water, for example, PLLA stent or fibers exposed to in vivo conditions do not begin to degrade until after approximately 12 months [158,159].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [158] 158. J.S. Bergstrom, In: ANTEC, Cincinnati, OH, 2013.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [159] 159. P. Pan, Z. Liang, B. Zhu, T. Dong, Y. Inoue, Macromolecules 41 (2008) 8011-8019.

In the paper

“The location of the device can play an important role in the degradation rate of implants.”

In the paper

“Lactide commercially available devices and sutures degrade by bulk erosion [166].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [166] 166. K.A. Athanasiou, J.B. Schmitz, C.M. Agrawal, Tissue Eng. 4 (1998) 53-63.

In the paper

“It has recently been shown that the rate of degradation is also dependent on the magnitude of the applied stress [165].”

• Also stated in: § Table 15 · plain

  “It has recently been shown that the rate of degradation is also dependent on the magnitude of the applied stress [165].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [165] 165. J. Kohn, R. Langer, in: B.D. Ratner, A.S. Homan, F.J. Schoen, J.E. Lemons (Eds.), Biomaterials Science, Academic Press, New York 1996, pp. 64-72.

In the paper

“PLA has a relatively long half-life of hydrolysis due to steric effects where the alkyl group hinders the attack by water, for example, PLLA stent or fibers exposed to in vivo conditions do not begin to degrade until after approximately 12 months [158,159].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [158] 158. J.S. Bergstrom, In: ANTEC, Cincinnati, OH, 2013.
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [159] 159. P. Pan, Z. Liang, B. Zhu, T. Dong, Y. Inoue, Macromolecules 41 (2008) 8011-8019.

In the paper

“PLA degradation has been found to be dependent on a range of factors, such as Mw, crystallinity, purity, temperature, pH, presence of terminal carboxyl or hydroxyl groups, water permeability, and additives acting catalytically that may include enzymes, bacteria or inorganic fillers [161].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [161] 161. K.I. Park, M.A. Xanthos, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 94 (2009) 834-844.

In the paper

“The rate of this hydrolytic degradation is primarily temperature-and humidity-dependent.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [12] 12. J. Lunt, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 59 (1998) 145-152.

In the paper

“Reprocessing of PLA induces an increase of crystallization during cooling with the number of injection cycles.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.

In the paper

“Athanasiou and coworkers [167] showed that low-porosity implants from 50/50 PDLLG degrade faster than high-porosity implants.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [167] 167. S. Lee, S.H. Kim, Y. Han, Y. Kim, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 39 (2001) 973-985. source

In the paper

“The polymer must first be hydrolyzed at elevated temperatures (about 60 °C) to reduce the Mw before biodegradation can commence.”

In the paper

“1) free radicals stabilizer (i.e.Quinone) [155], was found to be an efficient stabilizer to trap free radicals and maintain PLA chain length with time at the processing temperatures.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.

In the paper

“As the average Mw reaches approximately ~10,000 Da, micro-organisms present in the soil begin to digest the lower Mw lactic acid oligomers, producing carbon dioxide and water (Fig. 7B) [12].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [12] 12. J. Lunt, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 59 (1998) 145-152.

In the paper

“The reduction in Mw is soon followed by a reduction in physical properties as water begins to fragment the device [62].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [62] 62. J.C. Middleton, A.J. Tipton, Biomaterials 21 (2000) 2335-2346.

In the paper

“As illustrated in Fig. 7A, cleavage of the ester linkages by absorbed water produces a successive reduction in Mw.”

In the paper

“PLA products rapidly degrade in both aerobic and anaerobic composting conditions [8].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“In the second phase, enzymatic attack of the fragments occurs.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [62] 62. J.C. Middleton, A.J. Tipton, Biomaterials 21 (2000) 2335-2346.

In the paper

“Under conditions of high temperature and high humidity, as in active compost, for example, PLA will degrade quickly and disintegrate within weeks to months [8].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“However semi-crystalline PLA biodegradation occurs in two phases.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [62] 62. J.C. Middleton, A.J. Tipton, Biomaterials 21 (2000) 2335-2346.

In the paper

“The metabolizing of the fragments results in a rapid loss of polymer mass (illustrated by Fig. 8) [62].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [62] 62. J.C. Middleton, A.J. Tipton, Biomaterials 21 (2000) 2335-2346.

In the paper

“Furthermore, with natural fibers as reinforcement end-of-life composting is possible.”

In the paper

“Implants under stress degrade faster.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [165] 165. J. Kohn, R. Langer, in: B.D. Ratner, A.S. Homan, F.J. Schoen, J.E. Lemons (Eds.), Biomaterials Science, Academic Press, New York 1996, pp. 64-72.

In the paper

“PLA performance in terms of durability are limited by multiple chemical aging mechanisms such as thermal decomposition [207,208], hydrolysis [209,210], photo-oxidation [211,212], natural weathering [213] and thermo oxidation at high temperature [214,215].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [207] 207. O. Wachsen, K. Platkowski, K.H. Reichert, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 57 (1997) 87-94.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [208] 208. S. Li, S. McCarthy, Biomaterials 20 (1999) 35-44. source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [209] 209. X. Zhang, M. Espiritu, A. Bilyk, L. Kurniawan, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 1964-1970.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [210] 210. A. Copinet, C. Bertrand, S. Govindin, V. Coma, Y. Couturier, Chemosphere 55 (2004) 763-773.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [211] 211. H. Tsuji, Y. Echizen, Y. Nishimura, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 91 (2006) 1128-1137.
• ?Not matched

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  cites [212] 212. L. Zaidi, M. Kaci, S. Bruzaud, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 95 (2010) 1751-1758.

In the paper

“Certain impurities and classes of additives increase the rate of PLA hydrolysis, including lactide and oligomers and some acidic and basic additives.”

In the paper

“In an early study examining the effects of 7 different steam sterilization techniques on PLLA, it was determined that all the evaluated techniques significantly changed at least one material property of the polymer.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [206] 206. Y. Aoyagi, K. Yamashita, Y. Doi, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 76 (2002) 53-59.

In the paper

“For summary, the specific effects of different techniques are determined by the sterilization parameters, the method used for fabrication, as well as the polymeric composition itself.”

In the paper

“Unfortunately, so far the use of biodegradable films for packaging applications has been strongly limited because of the poor barrier properties and weak mechanical properties shown by natural polymers.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [170] 170. A. Sorrentino, G. Gorrasi, V. Vittoria, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 18 (2007) 84-95.

In the paper

“Oxidation affects the physical and mechanical properties of the polymer.”

In the paper

“PLA is characterized by excellent optical properties and high tensile strength but unfortunately, it is rigid and brittle at room temperature (RT) due to its T g ~55 °C [138].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [138] 138. L.T. Lim, R. Auras, M. Rubino, Prog. Polym. Sci. 33 (2008) 820-852.

In the paper

“During hydrothermal aging of PLLA the Mw reduction is greater when the temperature and water uptake increase.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [219] 219. D. Rasselet, A. Ruellan, A. Guinault, G. Miquelard-Garnier, C. Sollogoub, B. Fayolle, Eur. Polym. J. 50 (2014) 109-116.

In the paper

“Reduction in the rate of autocatalysis has been accomplished by incorporation of basic, buffering salts such as CaCO 3 [8].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“At temperatures higher than 100 °C in air, aging mechanism is undoubtedly oxidation.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [220] 220. N.S. Anderson, K.M. Schreck, M.A. Hillmyer, Polym. Rev. 48 (2008) 85-108.

In the paper

“Bulk hydrolysis occurs faster than surface hydrolysis.”

In the paper

“For radiation sterilization of bioresorbable polymers, temperature and dose conditions need to be closely controlled to avoid chain scission and significant degradation.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical DevicesPublished by Elsevier Inc.©, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-22805-3.00003-7. source

In the paper

“By comparing aging in air and in water at 70 °C, the authors concluded that the hydrolysis aging can be neglected in air.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [220] 220. N.S. Anderson, K.M. Schreck, M.A. Hillmyer, Polym. Rev. 48 (2008) 85-108.

In the paper

“They found that the rate of Mw loss, tensile strength, Young's modulus, melting temperature, and mass remaining of the films in the course of hydrolysis was more stable for the stereocomplex film than for the nonblended films [169].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [169] 169. G. Mensitieri, E. Di Maio, G.G. Buonocore, I. Nedi, M. Oliviero, L. Sansone, S. Iannace, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 22 (2011) 72-80.

In the paper

“PLA first degrades in the more loosely packed chain folding regions.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“NH 2 -and Cl-terminated PLAs were more resistant to thermal and hydrolytic degradation.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [168] 168. H. Tsuji, M. Suzuki, Sen'i Gakkaishi 57 (2001) 198-202.

In the paper

“They also concluded that the thermal oxidation mechanism of PLA at low temperatures (T b 160 °C) leads to a random chain scission process, responsible for the decrease of the PLA Mw as found by SEC measurements.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [220] 220. N.S. Anderson, K.M. Schreck, M.A. Hillmyer, Polym. Rev. 48 (2008) 85-108.

In the paper

“However, detrimental effects of chemical sterilization on the mechanical properties of the PLA based polymers have rarely been reported in the literature.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [203] 203. W. Michaeli, R. Von Oepen, ANTEC, 1994 796-804.

In the paper

“Chemical sterilization by gases such as ethylene oxide (EO) is often used for polymers that are sensitive to heat and moisture such as the case in PLA based polymers [203].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [203] 203. W. Michaeli, R. Von Oepen, ANTEC, 1994 796-804.

In the paper

“Gamma sterilization at dry ice temperatures is more preferred [4].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical DevicesPublished by Elsevier Inc.©, 2014, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-22805-3.00003-7. source

In the paper

“Hydrolysis of the crystalline domain occurs mainly by a surface erosion mechanism.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“Accordingly, the most commonly used material for bioresorbable scaffolds/stents is PLLA [267,268].”

What the sources say

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  cites [267] 267. C. Nakafuku, S. Takehisa, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 93 (2004) 2164-2173.
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  cites [268] 268. L. Durselen, M. Dauner, H. Hierlemann, H. Planck, L.E. Claes, A. Ignatius, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 58 (2001) 666-672.

In the paper

“For PLA, the breakage of ester bonds occurred randomly through hydrolytic ester cleavage, leading to subsequent erosion of the device.”

In the paper

“Each of these applications demands materials with specific physical, chemical, biological, biomechanical and degradation properties to provide efficient therapy [1].”

What the sources say

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  cites [1] 1. M. Savioli Lopes, A.L. Jardini, R. Maciel Filho, Procedia Eng. 42 (2012) 1402-1413.

In the paper

“PLA is used in a wide range of biomedical applications such as stents [250][251][252][253], surgical sutures [254], plates and screws for craniomaxillofacial bone fixation [255], interference screws in ankle, knee, and hand; tacks and pins for ligament attachment, anchors [256], spinal cages [250,257], soft-tissue implants, tissue engineering scaffolds, tissue cultures, drug delivery devices [258]”

What the sources say

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  cites [250] 250. P. Erne, M. Schier, T.J. Resink, Cadriovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 29 (2006) 11-16.
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  cites [255] 255. L.E.S. DeJong, T.M. DeBarardino, D.E. Brooks, K. Judson, Arthroscopy 20 (2004) 511-516.

In the paper

“In many cases the PLA can be blended or copolymerized with other polymeric or non-polymeric components to achieve the desired behavior [16,40].”

What the sources say

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  cites [16] 16. B. Gupta, N. Revagade, J. Hilborn, Prog. Polym. Sci. 32 (2007) 455-482.
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  cites [40] 40. Y. Cheng, S. Deng, P. Chen, R. Ruan, Front. Chem. Chin. 4 (2009) 259-264.

In the paper

“The study outcome showed for the first time that an increase in the crystallinity through an optimized injection molding process and the addition of nucleating agents can result in a direct and significant improvement in mechanical performance of a commercial grade of PLA [248].”

What the sources say

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  cites [248] 248. S.C. Schmidt, M.A. Hillmyer, J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 39 (2001) 300-313.

In the paper

“So far several studies have reported a variety of physical nucleating agents for PLA, including talc and nanoclays [127,144,179,[237][238][239][240][241][242][243][244][245][246][247].”

What the sources say

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  cites [127] 127. S.S. Ray, K. Yamada, M. Okamoto, A. Ogami, K. Ueda, Chem. Mater. 15 (2003) 1456-1465.
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [144] 144. Y. Fan, H. Nishida, Y. Shirai, T. Endo, Degrad. Stab. 84 (2004) 143-149. source
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  cites [179] 179. F. Jing, M.A. Hillmyer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (13) (2008) 826-13,827.

In the paper

“PLAs have been utilized for continuous drug release for different periods of time including prolonged administration of a wide variety of medical agents such as contraceptives, narcotic antagonists, local anesthetics, vaccines, peptides and proteins [270,271].”

What the sources say

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  cites [270] 270. M.A. Valantin, C. Aubron-Olivier, J. Ghosn, E. Laglenne, M. Pauchard, H. Schoen, AIDS 17 (2003) 2471-2477.
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  cites [271] 271. J.C. Leroux, E. Allémann, F. De Jaeghere, E. Doelker, R. Gurny, J. Control. Release 39 (1996) 339-350.

In the paper

“The plasticization is thus limited by the amount of plasticizer to be blended with PLA [231].”

What the sources say

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  cites [231] 231. Y. Hu, Y.S. Hu, V. Topolkaraev, A. Hiltner, E. Baer, Polymer 44 (2003) 5711-5720.

In the paper

“Therefore, plasticizers with rather high Mw and low mobility are necessary.”

In the paper

“It was found that the mechanical characteristics of these materials showed a decrease in modulus and stress at break.”

What the sources say

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  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.

In the paper

“An additional complication is that PLA can exhibit premature failure at stress magnitudes that are significantly lower than both the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength of the material due to viscoplastic flow causing creep rupture or fatigue failure.”

In the paper

“Nevertheless, the PLA blended to PEGs becomes very brittle as a function of plasticizer content and Mw.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.

In the paper

“The stereochemistry, crystallinity, Mw, and applied loads are the main factors influencing the rate of degradation of PLA [163,263].”

What the sources say

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  cites [163] 163. Z. Zhou, J. Zhou, Q. Yi, L. Liu, Y. Zhao, H. Nie, Polym. Bull. 65 (2010) 411-423.
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  cites [263] 263. D. Grijpma, A.J. Pennings, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 195 (1994) 1649-1663.

In the paper

“It has been found that the challenge of controlled drug release can be tuned by mechanical stability and crystallinity degree of PLA in the formulation [44].”

What the sources say

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  cites [44] 44. K. Hamad, M. Kaseem, H.W. Yang, F. Deri, Y.G. Ko1, Express Polym Lett 9 (2015) 435-455.

In the paper

“Isothermal crystallization halftimes were found to decrease nearly 65-fold by the addition of just 2% talc.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [248] 248. S.C. Schmidt, M.A. Hillmyer, J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 39 (2001) 300-313.

In the paper

“However, the low Mw plasticizers have the problem of migrating, owing to their high mobility within the PLA matrix.”

In the paper

“New applications have been claimed in the field of fresh products, where thermoformed PLA containers are used in retail markets for fruits, vegetables, and salads.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [160] 160. K.M. Nampoothiri, N.R. Nair, R.P. John, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 8493-8501.

In the paper

“For today, the major PLA application is in packaging (nearly 70%), while the estimation for 2020 shows the increase of other applications especially in fibers and fabrics (up to 50%) [3].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [3] 3. M. Jamshidian, E. Arab-Tehrany, M. Imran, M. Jacquot, S. Desobry, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 9 (2010) 552-571.

In the paper

“For food contact applications a number of plasticizers or polymers have been reported [155], PLA has been blended with polymers such as poly(hydroxybutyrate), poly(vinylacetate), poly(ethylene oxide) and polysaccharides [189,313,314].”

What the sources say

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  cites [189] 189. T. Ke, X.S. Sun, J. Polym. Environ. 11 (2003) 7-14.
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  cites [313] 313. T. Ke, X. Sun, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 89 (2003) 1203-1211.
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  cites [314] 314. S. Sinha Ray, M. Bousmina, Prog. Mater. Sci. 50 (2005) 962-1079.

In the paper

“Another challenge: PLA inferior moisture barrier properties compared to synthetic polymers [160].”

What the sources say

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  cites [160] 160. K.M. Nampoothiri, N.R. Nair, R.P. John, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 8493-8501.

In the paper

“However, these polymer blends generally exhibit phase separation in the whole or part of the composition range similar to [305]).”

What the sources say

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  cites [305] 305. V. Senekovic, B. Poberaj, L. Kovacic, M. Mikek, E. Adar, A. Dekel, Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol. 23 (2013) 311-316.

In the paper

“PLA also burns with low smoke generation, has good ultraviolet resistance, is easily dyeable, and brings good wickability of moisture to applications [8].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“These degradable devices in comparison to their metallic counterparts were found to exhibit similar rates of success [8,287,288].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.
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  cites [287] 287. E. Waris, N. Ashammakhi, H. Happonen, T. Raatikainen, O. Kaarela, P. Tormala, S. Santavirta, Y.T. Konttinen, Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 410 (2003) 310-319.
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  cites [288] 288. F.A. Barber, Orthop. Spec. Ed. 4 (1998) 1111-1117.

In the paper

“PLA also burns with low smoke generation, has good ultraviolet resistance, is easily dyeable, and brings good wickability of moisture to applications [8].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“So, a PLA based material having good stiffness-toughness balance along with high biobased PLA content is still elusive [160].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [160] 160. K.M. Nampoothiri, N.R. Nair, R.P. John, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 8493-8501.

In the paper

“Films are the second largest application area for PLA.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“The biodegradation rate of a biopolymer depends mainly on its intrinsic properties, including, chemical structure, the presence of hydrolytically unstable bonds, level of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, crystalline/amorphous morphology, T g , copolymer ratio, and its Mw [301].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites [301] 301. B.C. Gross, J.L. Erkal, S.Y. Lockwood, C. Chen, D.M. Spence, Anal. Chem. 86 (2014) 3240-3253.

In the paper

“Also implants under stress have been reported to degrade faster.”

In the paper

“for example, nanocomposites of the aPLA and aPLA/ PCL blends were obtained by melt-mixing with a properly modified kaolinite showed an improvement in these properties with regard to the polymers and blends without clay [312].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

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  cites [312] 312. H. Wang, X. Sun, P. Seib, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 90 (2003) 3683-3689.

In the paper

“For today, the major PLA application is in packaging (nearly 70%), while the estimation for 2020 shows the increase of other applications especially in fibers and fabrics (up to 50%) [3].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [3] 3. M. Jamshidian, E. Arab-Tehrany, M. Imran, M. Jacquot, S. Desobry, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 9 (2010) 552-571.

In the paper

“Films are transparent when stress crystallized and have acceptance by customers for food contact.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“While typical devices are composed of steel or titanium to ensure that the devices are capable of withstanding in vivo loading over long periods of time [278], polymers have advantages over metal implants in that they transfer stress over time to the damaged area, allowing healing of the tissues [62].”

What the sources say

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  cites [62] 62. J.C. Middleton, A.J. Tipton, Biomaterials 21 (2000) 2335-2346.

In the paper

“PLA also burns with low smoke generation, has good ultraviolet resistance, is easily dyeable, and brings good wickability of moisture to applications [8].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“Films are transparent when stress crystallized and have acceptance by customers for food contact.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“PLA excels at resistance to stain in standard tests with coffee, cola, tea, catsup, lipstick, and mustard.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“plasticizer usage especially at higher % (above 20%) [155].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [155] 155. I. Pillin, N. Montrelay, A. Bourmaud, Y. Grohens, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 93 (2008) 321-328.

In the paper

“PLA also burns with low smoke generation, has good ultraviolet resistance, is easily dyeable, and brings good wickability of moisture to applications [8].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.

In the paper

“PLA films also have superior dead fold or twist retention for twist wrap packaging [8].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [8] 8. D.E. Henton, P. Gruber, J. Lunt, J. Randall, in: A.K. Mohanty, M. Misra, L.T. Drzal (Eds.), Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites, Taylor & Francis, F.L. Boca Raton 2005, pp. 527-577.