Cited by 293COVID-19 and Mental HealthHealthcare professionals’ stress and burnoutEmergency Medicine Education and Research

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Preserving mental health and resilience in frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19

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Santarone, Kristen, McKenney, Mark, Elkbuli, Adel·2020·The American Journal of Emergency Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.030PMC PMC7156943

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Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019
Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., Wu, J., Du, H., Chen, T., Li, R., et al. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976 · Cited by 8,015
Physician burnout: contributors, consequences and solutions
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Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak
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Mental health during and after the COVID‐19 emergency in Italy
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Timely research papers about COVID-19 in China
Xiang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, Q., Jin, Y., Rao, W., Zeng, L., Lok, K.-I., Chow, I. H. I., Cheung, T. C. C., & Hall, B. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30375-5 · Cited by 150
Clinician Mental Health and Well‐Being During Global Healthcare Crises: Evidence Learned From Prior Epidemics for COVID‐19 Pandemic
Jun, J., Tucker, S., & Melnyk, B. M. (2020) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12439 · Cited by 142
Care for the Psychological Status of Frontline Medical Staff Fighting Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
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The association between resident physician Work-Hour regulations and physician safety and health
Weaver, M. D., Landrigan, C. P., Sullivan, J. P., O'Brien, C. S., Qadri, S., Viyaran, N., Wang, W., Vetter, C., Czeisler, C. A., & Barger, L. K. (2020) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.12.053 · Cited by 79
Coping with COVID ‐19: ventilator splitting with differential driving pressures using standard hospital equipment
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COVID-19 experience in Bergamo, Italy
Senni, M. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa279 · Cited by 62

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“The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant negative impact on mental health indicators in both the general population and healthcare workers in the United States and globally (Santarone et al. 2020; Serafini et al. 2020).”
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COVID-19 Pandemisi Sırasında Sağlık Çalışanlarında Psikososyal Etkilenme ile İlişkili Risk Etkenleri ve Koruyucu Etkenler: Bir Sistematik Derleme
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“HCWs are well-known for their stamina and resilience in their workplaces (Huang et al., 2020; Santarone et al., 2020).”
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Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in pediatric healthcare workers
Morris, C. R., Sullivan, P. S., Mantus, G. E., Sanchez, T., Zlotorzynska, M., Hanberry, B. S., Iyer, S. B., Heilman, S. S., Camacho-González, A., Figueroa, J., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.017 · Cited by 8
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“Healthcare professionals (HCPs) face many stressors during their daily work, which can be aggravated even further during any pandemic [5].”
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Research hotspots and trends in healthcare workers' resilience: A bibliometric and visualized analysis
Yang, L., Li, Z., Lei, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, R., Lei, W., & Rahman, A. A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35107 · Cited by 7
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“This result supports current literature about coronavirus (Cao et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020; Santarone et al., 2020).”
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“Research aimed at uncovering the negative impact of the pandemic on HCWs found important information, such as increasing rates of burnout, depression, anxiety, and suicide [11-16].”
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Screening for Psychological Distress in Healthcare Workers Using Machine Learning: A Proof of Concept
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Background
LA THÉORIE COMPOSITE DE LA RÉSILIENCE : IMPLICATIONS POUR LA RECHERCHE ET LA PRATIQUE
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“found that during the COVID-19 pandemic, resilience has been an important characteristic that enables health-care professionals to overcome challenges (24).”
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“En general, todo este panorama y la incertidumbre que se generó (Huang et al., 2020), sumado a todas las carencias (Rolim Neto et al., 2020; Santarone et al., 2020), han repercutido de diversas formas (Liang et al., 2020).”
Background
Optimizing The Resilience of Healthcare Workers Against The COVID-19 Pandemic
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Difficulties of healthcare workers encountered under cohort isolation in a psychiatric hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study
Bae, H., Kim, J., Lee, S. H., Lee, J.-Y., Lee, J.-Y., Park, H. Y., Kim, Y., & Kwon, K. T. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114615 · Cited by 3
“The exhaustion and mental health problems of HCWs since the pandemic began are major concerns in the infection control system (Rodríguez and Sánchez, 2020; Santarone et al., 2020).”
A COVID–19-járvány alatti betegelégedettség egy sürgősségi betegellátó osztályon
Deák, A., Fusz, K., & Kanizsai, P. (2020) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2020.32037 · Cited by 3
Psychological Distress and Risk Factors in Frontline Nurses Confronting COVID-19 in Less Severely Affected Areas
He, C., Xing, L., Lu, Y., Zhang, H., Chang, S., Zhang, Y., Tian, H., & Gao, B. (2022) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20220902-01 · Cited by 3
Exploring How Vaccine Information is Communicated in NSW Public Libraries: A Study on Perceptions and Practice
Wallace, K. S. (2022) · Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association · doi:10.1080/24750158.2022.2135360 · Cited by 3
“…experience more negative health outcomes such as lower quality of life and longer hospitalisations (Zhang & Parry, 2018); outcomes that have been made even more hazardous during COVID-19 due to the increased strain on hospitals and healthcare workers (Halcomb et al., 2020; Santarone et al., 2020).”
Background
Reconceptualizing ER physician wellness in the midst of the pandemic: survival through the lens of personal agency
Dagnone, D., Brooks, J., Mann, M., Cameron, B., Gray, S. H., Poonja, Z., & Lim, R. K. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s43678-021-00253-1 · Cited by 3
“As a result, “achieving” meaningful change can feel overwhelming: exhaustion, fear, and isolation that physicians experience can fuel an increasing perceived lack of control [4].”
Background
Understanding the Mental Health Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Railway Workers
Cogan, N. A., McGibbon, M., Gardiner, A., & Morton, L. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002711 · Cited by 3
Emerging Resilience and Level of Compassion of Pediatric Emergency Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Sendad, N. G., Gedalanga, R., & Sheak, A. (2023) · International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research · doi:10.52403/ijshr.20230123 · Cited by 2
Help for the helpers: a systematic review of factors influencing help-seeking in emergency service personnel
Tow, K. E., Caputi, P., Zentrich, G., Deane, F. P., Thyer, L., Simpson, P., & Risi, A. (2025) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2025.2594286 · Cited by 2
Impact of the healthcare potential in the European countries on infections and mortality caused by Covid-19
Borawski, M., Duda, J., & Biercewicz, K. (2021) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2021.09.178 · Cited by 3
“Mental stress [5] and general well-being of health care workers have gained increased awareness, and the research continues to show high rates of burnout [6], mental stress, and suicide [7].”
Background
Resilience of healthcare professionals involved in anesthesia practice: A cross-sectional questionnaire based pilot study
Patil, N., Manwani, R. N., Vyas, V. H., Vardhan, V., Gehdoo, R., & Patil, S. (2022) · Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.4103/joacp.joacp_244_20 · Cited by 2
“Similarly, a systematic review and meta‐analysis of 15 studies have highlighted high prevalence of burnout among Indian healthcare professionals.[13] A study from a tertiary care center in India reported high level of stress and of burnout among residents of anesthesia and surgical specialities.”
Background
COVID-19 Pandemisinde Sağlık Çalışanı Olarak Hemşirelerin Karşılaştığı Sorunlar
YILMAZ, B. İ., & Özdemır, Ö. (2022) · Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.56061/fbujohs.1085657 · Cited by 2
HEMŞİRELİK – REHBERLİK VE PSİKOLOJİK DANIŞMANLIK BÖLÜMÜ ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN PSİKOLOJİK SAĞLAMLIK VE BAŞA ÇIKMA TUTUMLARININ İNCELENMESİ
Hamurcu, H., & Öztürk, G. K. (2023) · Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.34108/eujhs.1119023 · Cited by 2
Organizational response to the COVID ‐19 pandemic and its association with moral distress in community mental health teams in the UK : A qualitative study
Wall, A., Burton, L., & Perkins, E. (2023) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.13243 · Cited by 2
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Ferber, M. F., Chen, T. H., McHowat, J., Charney, R. L., & Bitter, C. C. (2024) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2023.240 · Cited by 2
Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in pediatric healthcare workers prior to widespread vaccination: A 5-month longitudinal cohort study
Griffiths, M., Hatabah, D., Sullivan, P. S., Mantus, G. E., Sanchez, T., Zlotorzynska, M., Heilman, S. S., Camacho-González, A., Leake, D., Korman, R., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107064 · Cited by 2
Adaptive, Persistent, and Available Support: The Crucial Way in Healthcare during Covid-19
Wilmar, M. W., & Lesauvage, H. (2024) · Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies · doi:10.18291/njwls.144330 · Cited by 2
Psychosocial Implications of Yoga for Healthcare Workers During Covid-19
Bhandari, R. B., Sangodkar, N. P., & Balkrishna, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2851-0_7 · Cited by 2
Fear of the unknown: Experience of frontline healthcare workers with coping strategies used to face the COVID 19 pandemic
Arango-Martinez, G., Sarmiento, L. B., Forero, I. C., Carreno, L. C., & Cadena-Camargo, Y. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003373 · Cited by 2
Impacts of the COVID-19 Response on the Governmental Public Health Workforce
Stone, K. W. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80262-115-020231011 · Cited by 2
Examining the Stress, Coping and Trust Levels of Turkish Healthcare Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic Process
Şeyda, C. A. N., & AVÇİN, E. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01363-x · Cited by 2
“Not only infected people but also healthcare professionals are affected from this period both physically and psychosocially due to the fact that they are members of the society and work in the forefront at great risk (Puradollah & Ghasempour, 2020; Roelen et al., 2018; Santarone et al., 2020).”
Background
Cuidados em saúde mental ofertados a profissionais de saúde durante a pandemia de Covid-19
Ferrari, J., & Brust-Renck, P. G. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Psicoterapia · doi:10.5935/2318-0404.20210010 · Cited by 2
Assessment Of Occupational Burnout And Its Correlates Among Medical Doctors in Nepal during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study
Sharma, P., Singh, S., Tiwari, U., Ranjan, R., Lekhak, N., & Acharya, S. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatrists Association of Nepal · doi:10.3126/jpan.v10i1.40339 · Cited by 2
Forgotten Heroes
Valera-Hernández, M. F., Arenas-Pérez, L., Fernandez-Capriles, I., Omaña-Paipilla, F., Palencia-Sánchez, F., & Cadena-Camargo, Y. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002717 · Cited by 1
“, peers) and reading materials, were identified to be useful to reduce the burnout syndrome and other mental health problems in support health care workers.(4,10,23) Rangachari and Woods(10) described the components of a resilient organization in three interconnected levels in which resilience can be present: Individu…”
Background
COVID-19 YOĞUN BAKIMDA ÇALIŞAN HEMŞİRE VE HEKİMLERİN KORONAVİRÜS ANKSİYETESİ İLE ÖLÜM KAYGISI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ
Cerit, B., & ODABAŞ, K. (2022) · Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.47115/jshs.1137187 · Cited by 2
Investigation of the Relationship Between Post-Traumatic Growth and Psychological Resilience of Health Personnel in the Filiation Team During the COVID-19 Pandemic Process: Descriptive Research
Karakaş, S. A., Erçel, Ş., & Ersöğütçü, F. (2023) · Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences · doi:10.5336/nurses.2022-88146 · Cited by 2
Work during and after the Pandemic
Peters, S. E., & Wagner, G. R. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197625217.003.0012 · Cited by 2
Insights From COVID-Related Accommodation Requests (Alternate Work Assignments) by Clinical Staff at an Academic Medical Center
Kalia, N., Bernacki, E. J., Lam, C. K., Humphrey-Carothers, F., Minor, S. A., & Tao, X. G. (2020) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001925 · Cited by 2
Challenges for Health Systems: COVID-19 and Beyond
Barış, E., Silverman, R., Wang, H., Zhao, F., & Pate, M. A. (2022) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1768-7_ch2 · Cited by 1
Advocating for the concept of spiritual health
Saad, M., & de Medeiros, R. (2021) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.080 · Cited by 2
“If we work as a team, there are success stories.” Unpacking team members’ perceptions and experiences of what impacts team performance in a maternal and neonatal quality improvement programme in South Africa, before, and during COVID-19
Odendaal, W., Goga, A. E., Tomlinson, M., Singh, Y., Schneider, H. M., Mianda, S., Kauchali, S., Marshall, C., Chetty, T., & Hunt, X. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003780 · Cited by 1
Compassion fatigue in emergency care professionals
Trindade, L. D. L., Schoeninger, M. D., Carneiro, J., Borges, E. M. D. N., da Silva, C. B., Vendruscolo, C., & Metelski, F. K. (2025) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2023-0367 · Cited by 1
Navigating High Staff Turnover: How Organizational Hierarchy Shaped Assisted Living Facility Employees’ Emotional Responses During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Yuan, Y. (2025) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231251350173 · Cited by 1
“Existing research suggests that frontline workers are particularly vulnerable to experiencing burnout and emotional distress due to the demanding nature of their roles (Lai et al. 2020; Santarone, McKenney, and Elkbuli 2020; Smallwood et al. 2021).”
The invisible frontline: experiences of public health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and health emergencies in Colombia
Martı́nez, S., del Castillo, A. D., García, J. L., Niño, N., Idrovo, Á. J., Ruiz-Rodríguez, M., & González-Uribe, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1589091 · Cited by 1
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Lei, T. A. N., & Kwanmuangvanich, P. (2025) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.25.16710-8 · Cited by 1
Reimagined PHC: What Will It Look Like?
Barış, E., Silverman, R., Wang, H. H., Zhao, F., & Pate, M. A. (2022) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1768-7_ch3 · Cited by 1

Authors: Santarone, K., McKenney, M., & Elkbuli, A.
Affiliations: University of South Florida (US)
Corresponding author: Elkbuli, Adel
ORCID: Elkbuli, Adel
Venue: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-07
Volume: 38
Issue: 7
Pages: 1530-1531
ISSN: 0735-6757 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.030
PMC: PMC7156943
OpenAlex: W3015982165
Cited by: 293
References: 11
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 32
FWCI: 24.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Emergency Medicine Education and Research
Keywords: mental health, resilience, frontline health workers, COVID-19 pandemic, emergency medical personnel, protective clothing, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, intraosseous access, defibrillation, emergency department care
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Health Personnel, Humans, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Resilience, Psychological, Pandemics

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