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The top four genetic PCs were included as covariates in the model to correct for population structure, which can inflate heritability estimates.
“The top four genetic PCs were included as covariates in the model to correct for population structure, which can inflate heritability estimates [18,69,70].”
From Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation (2017) · cites this paper as [70]
Cites
Common SNPs explain a large proportion of the heritability for human height
Yang, J., Benyamin, B., McEvoy, B. P., Gordon, S., Henders, A. K., Nyholt, D. R., Madden, P. A., Heath, A. C., Martin, N. G., Montgomery, G. W., et al. (2010) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.608 · Cited by 4,446 · see citing works
Self-citationHundreds of variants clustered in genomic loci and biological pathways affect human height
Lango Allen, H., Estrada, K., Lettre, G., Berndt, S. I., Weedon, M. N., Rivadeneira, F., Willer, C. J., Jackson, A. U., Vedantam, S., Raychaudhuri, S., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09410 · Cited by 1,945 · see citing works
Self-citationEstimating Missing Heritability for Disease from Genome-wide Association Studies
Lee, S. H., Wray, N. R., Goddard, M. E., & Visscher, P. M. (2011) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.02.002 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
Self-citationGenome partitioning of genetic variation for complex traits using common SNPs
Yang, J., Manolio, T. A., Pasquale, L. R., Boerwinkle, E., Caporaso, N., Cunningham, J. M., de Andrade, M., Feenstra, B., Feingold, E., Hayes, M. G., et al. (2011) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.823 · Cited by 890 · see citing works
Self-citationWaters, K. M., Stram, D. O., Hassanein, M. T., Le Marchand, L., Wilkens, L. R., Maskarinec, G., Monroe, K. R., Kolonel, L. N., Altshuler, D., Henderson, B. E., et al. (2010) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001078 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
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Genetic relationship between five psychiatric disorders estimated from genome-wide SNPs
Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2013) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.2711 · Cited by 2,263 · see citing works
Self-citationPolygenic Modeling with Bayesian Sparse Linear Mixed Models
Zhou, X., Carbonetto, P. S., & Stephens, M. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003264 · Cited by 801 · see citing works
“These issues are, of course, not unique to BSLMM – indeed, they apply equally to the LMM; see [56] and the response from [57] for relevant discussion.”
BackgroundHaplotype Reference Consortium, Evans, L. M., Tahmasbi, R., Vrieze, S. I., Abecasis, G. R., Das, S., Gazal, S., Bjelland, D. W., de Candia, T. R., Goddard, M. E., et al. (2018) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0108-x · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentity by Descent Between Distant Relatives: Detection and Applications
Browning, S. R., & Browning, B. L. (2012) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genet-110711-155534 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Verweij, K. J. H., Yang, J., Lahti, J. M. T., Veijola, J. M., Hintsanen, M., Pulkki-Råbäck, L., Heinonen, K., Pouta, A. M., Pesonen, A., Widén, E., et al. (2012) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01679.x · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“One reason is that population stratification can potentially inflate the variance accounted for by SNPs even after controlling for population structure (Browning and Browning 2011), though probably very little (Goddard et al. 2011).”
Self-citationInvestigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation
Zaidi, A. A., Mattern, B. C., Claes, P., McEcoy, B., Hughes, C., & Shriver, M. D. (2017) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Estimating heritability using genomic data
Stanton‐Geddes, J., Yoder, J. B., Briskine, R. V., Young, N. D., & Tiffin, P. (2013) · Methods in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1111/2041-210x.12129 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Identity-by-descent-based heritability analysis in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort
Browning, S. R., & Browning, B. L. (2012) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-012-1230-y · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“It is possible that the variance-component-based heritability estimates in the real data could be upwardly biased due to environmental confounding with population structure, although previous studies suggest that most such environmental confounding effects are corrected by the use of principal components (Browning and…”
BackgroundConditions for the validity of SNP-based heritability estimation
Lee, J. J., & Chow, C. C. (2014) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-014-1441-5 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Accuracy of heritability estimations in presence of hidden population stratification
Dandine‐Roulland, C., Bellenguez, C., Debette, S., Amouyel, P., Génin, E., & Perdry, H. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep26471 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lyra, D. H., Griffiths, C. A., Watson, A., Joynson, R., Molero, G., Igna, A., Hassani‐Pak, K., Reynolds, M. P., Hall, A. J. W., & Paul, M. J. (2021) · Food and Energy Security · doi:10.1002/fes3.292 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Additionally, contrary to some studies (Browning and Browning, 2011; Goddard et al., 2011), we observed inflated estimates (in most cases upward) of heritability when accounting for the effect of population structure (Table S1).”
ResultSubtle stratification confounds estimates of heritability from rare variantsPreprint
Bhatia, G., Gusev, A., Loh, P., Finucane, H. K., Vilhjálmsson, B. J., Ripke, S., Purcell, S., Stahl, E. A., Daly, M. J., de Candia, T. R., et al. (2016) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/048181 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationStatistical properties of simple random-effects models for genetic heritability
Steinsaltz, D., Dahl, A., & Wachter, K. W. (2018) · Electronic Journal of Statistics · doi:10.1214/17-ejs1386 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The reason behind the standard practice of removing relatives from a sample and pulling out population strata as fixed effects is a belief that relatives are likely to have their common genetic influences confounded with shared environment, and that genetic strata are likely to reflect stratification in non-genetic re…”
BackgroundInterpreting SNP heritability in admixed populations
Huang, J., Kleman, N., Basu, S., Shriver, M. D., & Zaidi, A. A. (2025) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/iyaf100 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…of h 2snp , there is much confusion about its interpretation and equivalence to h 2 , particularly in the presence of population structure and assortative mating ( Browning SR and Browning 2011; Goddard et al. 2011; Kumar et al. 2016a; Yang et al. 2016; Border et al. 2022; Lin Z et al. 2022 ).”
Discovery of genetic determinants for refractive error
Shah, R. L. (2018) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Goddard, M. E., Lee, S. H., Yang, J., Wray, N. R., & Visscher, P. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Human Genetics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-07
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 193-195
- ISSN
- 0002-9297 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3135797
- OpenAlex
- W2065319226
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The American Journal of Human Genetics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institutes of Health
- Goddard Space Flight Center
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Keywords
- explained variance, fine-scale population structure, population stratification, additive genetic variance, genome partitioning, SNP-based heritability
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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