The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 7 of the 9 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
ASHG Denounces Attempts to Link Genetics and Racial Supremacy
Open accessAbstract
The American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG) is alarmed to see a societal resurgence of groups rejecting the value of genetic diversity and using discredited or distorted genetic concepts to bolster bogus claims of white supremacy. ASHG denounces this misuse of genetics to feed racist ideologies. In public dialog, our research community should be clear about genetic knowledge related to ancestry and genomic diversity. To that end, ASHG affirms the following:
Overview
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Claims the paper makes
5 Own interpretation · 4 Couldn’t confirm · 2 Supported · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“There is considerable genetic overlap among members of different populations.”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] Hellenthal, 2014, A genetic atlas of human admixture history, Science source
The paper’s discussion of its approach (page unavailable) says that individuals in one population share ancestors and chunks of DNA with individuals in other populations. Its analysis of 95 worldwide groups also finds evidence of admixture in 80, supporting the broad statement about genetic overlap. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Most human genetic variation is distributed as a gradient”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [7] Hellenthal, 2014, A genetic atlas of human admixture history, Science sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s account of haplotype sharing and admixture among populations does not say that most human genetic variation is distributed as a gradient. Searches for a genetic gradient or cline found no passage in our copy addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Such analyses 8 are providing increasingly accurate ways of helping to define individuals' ancestral origins”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [8] Royal, 2010, Inferring genetic ancestry: Opportunities, challenges, and implications, Am. J. Hum. Genet. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Our indexed copy yields a table of contents, including an “Accuracy of Ancestry Inferences” heading, and a list of links, but no substantive passage from that section. Searches for increasingly accurate ancestry inference and advances in genetic analysis found no text establishing the claimed improvement, so the claim cannot be verified from this copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Such patterns of genome variation are explained by patterns of migration and mixing of different populations throughout human history.7”
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] Hellenthal, 2014, A genetic atlas of human admixture history, Science source
The Abstract (page not supplied) says that migrations and other historical interactions transferred genetic material between populations, creating admixed populations. It also describes admixture as an almost universal force shaping human populations, supporting the claim's broad paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Genetics demonstrates that humans cannot be divided into biologically distinct subcategories.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“the study of human genetics challenges the traditional concept of different races of humans as biologically separate and distinct.”
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] Editorial, 2002, Slicing soup, Nat. Biotechnol. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The editorial (p. 637) argues that conventional racial categories are poor genetic divisions, likening attempts to define race genetically to ‘slicing soup.’ But the claim is more absolute than the source: it allows that geographically isolated populations may provide a basis for defining groups and notes inherited differences among some human groupings. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [2] Jorde, 2004, Genetic variation, classification and ‘race’, Nat. Genet. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Keita, 2004, Conceptualizing human variation, Nat. Genet. source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, genetics exposes the concept of ''racial purity'' as scientifically meaningless.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“so distinct boundaries between population groups cannot be accurately assigned.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“and enabling new ways to explore and discuss ancestries that move us beyond blunt definitions of self-identified race.”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [8] Royal, 2010, Inferring genetic ancestry: Opportunities, challenges, and implications, Am. J. Hum. Genet. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The available copy returns only the table of contents and a list of web resources; it provides no substantive passage from the named sections. Searches for self-identified race and for genetic ancestry offering a more nuanced account than racial categories did not retrieve text addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The past decade has seen the emergence of strategies for assessing an individual's genetic ancestry.”
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [8] Royal, 2010, Inferring genetic ancestry: Opportunities, challenges, and implications, Am. J. Hum. Genet. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The available indexed passages contain a contents heading, “Tools for Inferring Ancestry,” but no discussion establishing when those strategies emerged. Searches for the past decade, ancestry-estimation methods, and relevant dates returned only the contents and a list of websites, so the claimed timeline cannot be verified from our copy. (LLM, conf=0.70)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any attempt to use genetics to rank populations demonstrates a fundamental misunderstanding of genetics.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It follows that there can be no genetics-based support for claiming one group as superior to another.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“race itself is a social construct.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
The invocation of genetics to promote racist ideologies is one of many factors causing racism to persist.
“Recognizing that the invocation of genetics to promote racist ideologies is one of many factors causing racism to persist”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Modern genetics research is routinely appropriated by white supremacist movements to argue that racialized disparities in health, employment, and criminal justice system involvement are due to the genetic inferiority of people of color rather than environmental and historical disadvantages59.”
From Multivariate analysis of 1.5 million people identifies genetic associations with traits related to self-regulation and addiction. (2021) · cites this paper as [59]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
A genetic atlas of human admixture history
Hellenthal, G., Busby, G. B. J., Band, G., Wilson, J. F., Capelli, C., Falush, D., & Myers, S. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1243518 · Cited by 798
Genetic variation, classification and ‘race’
Jorde, L. B., & Wooding, S. P. (2004) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1435 · Cited by 637
Taking race out of human genetics
Yudell, M., Roberts, D., DeSalle, R., & Tishkoff, S. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aac4951 · Cited by 631
Inferring genetic ancestry: Opportunities, challenges, and implications
Royal, C. D., Novembre, J., Fullerton, S. M., Goldstein, D. B., Long, J. C., Bamshad, M. J., & Clark, A. G. (2010) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.03.011 · Cited by 271
Conceptualizing human variation
Keita, S. O. Y., Kittles, R. A., Royal, C. D. M., Bonney, G. E., Furbert-Harris, P., Dunston, G. M., & Rotimi, C. N. (2004) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1455 · Cited by 166
Are medical and nonmedical uses of large-scale genomic markers conflating genetics and 'race'?
Rotimi, C. N. (2004) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng1439 · Cited by 95
Human ancestry correlates with language and reveals that race is not an objective genomic classifier
Baker, J. L., Rotimi, C. N., & Shriner, D. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01837-7 · Cited by 78
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“Modern genetics research is routinely appropriated by white supremacist movements to argue that racialized disparities in health, employment and criminal justice system involvement are due to the genetic inferiority of people of color rather than environmental and historical disadvantages 59 .”
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“23 For causal inference, the social construct of race could be decomposed into causal elements such as more direct measures of racism, 24 health care access, socioeconomic status, or biologic differences due to chronic stressors.”
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Controversies in Differential Psychology and Behavior Genetics: A Sociological Analysis
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Larsen, R. R., Cruz, H. D., Kaplan, J. M., Fuentes, A., Marks, J., Pigliucci, M., Alfano, M., Smith, D. L., & Schroeder, L. (2020) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2020.1805199 · Cited by 10
The Perils of Polysemy: Racial Realism in the Real World
Jackson, J. P. (2022) · Philosophy Theory and Practice in Biology · doi:10.3998/ptpbio.2630 · Cited by 4
A Genetics-Focused Lens on Social Constructs in Pharmacy Education
Lipscomb, J. S., Gálvez‐Peralta, M., Cropp, C. D., Delgado, E., Crutchley, R. D., Calinski, D. M., & Iwuchukwu, O. F. (2023) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100077 · Cited by 3
Prejudice is epistemically unwarranted belief
Lobato, E. J. C., & Holbrook, C. (2024) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4216 · Cited by 3
Korf, B. R. (2019) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.12.006 · Cited by 3
The Role of Genetics in Racial Categorisation of Humans
Bardien-Kruger, S., & Müller-Nedebock, A. C. (2020) · African Sun Media eBooks · doi:10.18820/9781928480495/01 · Cited by 3
Racial Experience in the Age of Direct-to-Consumer Ancestry Testing
Torres, J. B. (2022) · Nordic Journal of Social Research · doi:10.18261/njsr.13.1.4 · Cited by 3
Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Diversifying Genomic Data: Literature Review and SynthesisPreprint
Hardcastle, F., Ballard, L. M., Weller, S., Lyle, K., Horton, R. H., Thompson, R. L., Samuel, G. N., Trindade, L. V. D. P., Urrego, J. D. G., Kochin, D., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/myjtd · Cited by 3
Historically Marginalized and Minority Populations With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Bernardo, R. J., Ortega, V. E., Glenn, J. E., Stephens, L., Morel, K. C., Elwing, J., & Rischard, F. P. (2026) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2026.07.5000 · Cited by 2
Health Equity: African Americans and Public Health
(2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292 · Cited by 2
Role and Use of Race in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Models Related to Health
Were, M. C., Li, A., Malin, B., Yin, Z., Coco, J., Collins, B. X., Clayton, E. W., Novak, L. L., Hendricks‐Sturrup, R., Oluyomi, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/73996 · Cited by 4
“It is now well proven that race does not map to discrete genetic categories, and, as such, differences observed by race in AI and ML models should not be assumed to arise from biological differences between races [22].”
Race science in mainstream psychology, 1960–2010
Hicks, D., & Lobato, E. J. C. (2025) · Quantitative Science Studies · doi:10.1162/qss.a.11 · Cited by 2
Placing Publics in Public Health Genomics
Fox, B. M., & Martschenko, D. O. (2023) · Public Health Genomics · doi:10.1159/000535942 · Cited by 1
“Furthermore, researchers have argued that genomic data may allow the medical community to move beyond treatment on the basis of problematic social constructs such as race and toward a system of care that views each individual as a unique constellation of genetic and environmental factors [5].”
BackgroundRichardson, J. D., Kline, H., Ko, B. Y., Hooper, A., Komanapalli, S. A., Alvarez-Del-Pino, J. D., & Yeh, E. S. (2024) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-024-02099-5 · Cited by 1
Lynch, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Crime and Justice · doi:10.1080/0735648x.2025.2468435 · Cited by 12
“…the biological basis of race we find, among others, the American Association of Biological Anthropologists (AABA; Fuentes et al. 2019), and the American Society of Human Genetics (2018), which stated that ‘Genetics demonstrates that humans cannot be divided into biologically distinct subcategories.”
Ayres, S., Boyle, J., Newson, A. J., et al. (2021) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2021.50 · Cited by 1
Race-Conscious Public Health: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Release the Pressure Campaign
Markovich, H. T. (2022) · Journal of Communication Inquiry · doi:10.1177/01968599221119304 · Cited by 2
“Medical care in America is historically based in the idea individuals from traditionally underrepresented groups are biologically different than White individuals (The American Society of Human Genetics, 2018).”
7. Centering Community Health Workers to Advance Health Equity
Akintobi, T. H., Williams-Livingston, A., Gower, K., Francis, S., Trimble, S., Okoye, D., & Piper, K. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292ch07 · Cited by 1
Examining Injustices: Transfusion Medicine and Race
Arya, S., Mahar, A. L., Callum, J., & Haspel, R. L. (2024) · Transfusion Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.tmrv.2024.150822 · Cited by 1
2018 Presidential Address: Who Are We?
Nelson, D. L. (2019) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.01.005 · Cited by 1
The Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic
Capps, B., Joly, Y., Mulvihill, J. J., et al. (2021) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/s40246-021-00310-x · Cited by 1
Heard‐Garris, N., Brown, J. F., Ewulonu, U. C., Goel, M. S., GORDON, A. S., Henley, C., Khan, S. S., Smith, S. M., & McColley, S. A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1017/cts.2022.524 · Cited by 1
Response to ASHG: Science and Politics Should Be Mutually Sanctuarized
Tibayrenc, M. (2019) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.02.012 · Cited by 1
Profile of an Alpha(bet) Predator
Boisvert, D. R., & Thiede, R. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429274879-3
24. Moving Elimination of Racism From the Margins to the Center of Health Policy
Christopher, G. C. (2021) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533209ch24
Nöthen, M. M., Erdmann, J., Schlegelberger, B., & Kornak, U. (2021) · Medizinische Genetik · doi:10.1515/medgen-2021-2106
'I'm not like you, I'm different.'
Hernandez, C. V. (2021) · Digital Repository Service (Northeastern University) · doi:10.17760/d20429206
The State of Current Integration of Race and Ethnicity in Medical Education
Stuppy, A., & Chowdhury, I. (2023) · IAMSE manuals · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31743-9_3
Hildreth, J. E. K. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292fm3
III. POLITICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
(2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292partiii
5. Improving Black Student School Mental Health Service Access and Utilization
Carrie Woodard, M., Tarasevich, S., & Fertman, C. I. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292ch05
11. Strengthening Community Health
Melvin, S. C. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292ch11
Young, A. M. W. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292ch06
8. A Historical Perspective of Structural Racism in the Behavioral Health System
Radlauer-Doerfler, L. J., & Best, A. L. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292ch08
2. The Role of Trauma as a Sociocultural Determinant of Health for African Americans
Lassiter, T. E., Alexander, L. A., Baker, N. S., & Smith, B. B. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292ch02
Dawn Hunter, J., Bhatia, A., & Lawrence, C. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292ch13
I. PSYCHOSOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
(2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292parti
Edwards, J. J. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292ch09
3. Decreasing Stigma About Mental Health Challenges
Holden, K. B., Bastien, G., Villongco, C., & Wamuo, C. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292ch03
12. Understanding and Applying the Political Determinants of Health
Dawes, D. E., Amador, C. M., & McKinney, T. L. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292ch12
Yongue, C. M., Jones, N. S., Schaal, J. C., Griesemer, I., Black, K. Z., & Cykert, S. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292ch15
(2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292index
Dawes, D. E., Holden, K. B., & Williams, D. R. (2023) · doi:10.2105/9780875533292fm4
10. Picked to Pieces: Listening to Women Faculty of Color in Higher Education
Feinson, M. C., Ozumba, M., & Holmgren, J. L. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292ch10
Dawes, D. E., Holden, K. B., & Williams, D. R. (2023) · American Public Health Association eBooks · doi:10.2105/9780875533292ch01
Metadata
- Venue
- The American Journal of Human Genetics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 636
- ISSN
- 0002-9297 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6218810
- OpenAlex
- W4254438039
- Semantic Scholar
- bf5a1d8dff7ad71d4b14fed7067197a62c3cdf1a
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8
- FWCI
- 5.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The American Journal of Human Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Medical History and Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
- Keywords
- racial supremacy, white supremacy, genetic diversity, ancestry, genomic diversity, racism, genetic concepts
- MeSH terms
- Genetics, Medical, Humans, Societies, Scientific, United States, Genetic Variation, Genome, Human, Racial Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-29, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-29 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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