Smoking, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Age-related Macular Degeneration in Asians: The Singapore Malay Eye Study
Abstract
Purpose To assess associations between smoking and cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the Singapore Malay population.Design Population-based, cross-sectional study.Methods A total of 3,280 Malay adults age 40 to 80 years were included in the study. Early and late AMD signs were graded from retinal photographs following Wisconsin system. All participants had interview, systemic examination, and laboratory investigations to determine smoking status and cardiovascular risk factors.Results A total of 3,265 participants had gradable photos, 21 (0.6%) with late AMD and 169 (5.2%) with early AMD. After adjusting for age and gender, current smokers were significantly more likely to have late AMD (odds ratio [OR], 3.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.40 to 10.23). This association was stronger among those who currently smoked >5 packs of cigarettes per week (OR, 9.35; 95% CI, 2.49 to 35.08).Conclusions Smoking was associated with a higher late AMD prevalence in Malays, consistent with findings from studies in White populations.
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Serum triglycerides are not associated with late AMD.
“Neither the two prospective cohort studies [27,46] (RR 1.0; 95% CI 0.77 - 1.30) nor the cross-sectional studies[28,52,60] (OR 1.08; 95% CI 0.89 - 1.30), found an association between serum triglycerides and late AMD (data not shown).”
From Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2010) · cites this paper as [28]
The systematic review included 18 prospective and cross-sectional studies and 8 case control studies, contributing 94,058 patients and 3,178 late AMD cases.
“In total, data from 18 prospective, cross-sectional studies and 8 case control studies [12,24-26,28,30,31,33-47,49-54,57-73] were included in the final analysis, contributing a sample of some 94,058 patients (ranging from 261 to 22,071) including 3,178 (ranging from 8 to 776) late AMD cases.”
From Clinical risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2010) · cites this paper as [28]
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References 60 · Cited by 87
- Authors
- Cackett, P., Wong, T. Y., Aung, T., Saw, S.-M., Tay, W. T., Rochtchina, E., Mitchell, P., & Wang, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Singapore National Eye Center (SG)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SG)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Wong, Tien Y.
- Venue
- American Journal of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 960-967.e1
- ISSN
- 0002-9394 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2058159131
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome
- Keywords
- smoking, age-related macular degeneration, cardiovascular risk factors, late AMD, early AMD, Malay population, Singapore Malay Eye Study, fundus images, pack-years, prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Photography, Retinal Vessels, Risk Factors, Singapore, Smoking, Body Mass Index, Asian People
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