Cited by 532Pregnancy and preeclampsia studiesBirth, Development, and HealthMaternal and Neonatal Healthcare

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Racial/ethnic standards for fetal growth: the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies

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Buck Louis, Germaine M., Grewal, Jagteshwar, Albert, Paul S., Sciscione, Anthony, Wing, Deborah A., Grobman, William A., Newman, Roger B., Wapner, Ronald, D’Alton, Mary E., Skupski, Daniel, Nageotte, Michael P., Ranzini, Angela C., Owen, John, Chien, Edward K., Craigo, Sabrina, Hediger, Mary L., Kim, Sungduk, Zhang, Cuilin, Grantz, Katherine L.·2015·American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

DOI 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.032PMC PMC4584427

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Abstract

Objective Fetal growth is associated with long-term health yet no appropriate standards exist for the early identification of under- or over-grown fetuses. We sought to develop contemporary fetal growth standards for four self-identified U.S. racial/ethnic groups. Study Design We recruited for prospective follow-up 2,334 healthy women with low-risk, singleton pregnancies from 12 community and perinatal centers between July 2009 and January 2013. The cohort comprised: 614 (26%) non-Hispanic Whites, 611 (26%) non-Hispanic Blacks, 649 (28%) Hispanics, and 460 (20%) Asians. Women were screened at 8w0d to 13w6d for maternal health status associated with presumably normal fetal growth (aged 18–40 years; body mass index 19.0–29.9 kg/m2; healthy lifestyles and living conditions; low-risk medical and obstetrical history); 92% of recruited women completed the protocol. Women were randomized among four ultrasonology schedules for longitudinal fetal measurement using the Voluson E8 GE Healthcare. In-person interviews and anthropometric assessments were conducted at each visit; medical records were abstracted. The fetuses of 1,737 (74%) women continued to be low-risk (uncomplicated pregnancy, absent anomalies) at birth, and their measurements were included in the standards. Racial/ethnic-specific fetal growth curves were estimated using linear mixed models with cubic splines. Estimated fetal weight and biometric parameter percentiles (5th, 50th, 95th) were determined for each gestational week and comparisons made by race/ethnicity, with and without adjustment for maternal and socio-demographic factors. Results Estimated fetal weight differed significantly by race/ethnicity after 20 weeks. Specifically at 39 weeks, the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles were 2790, 3505, and 4402 grams for White, 2633, 3336, and 4226 grams for Hispanic, 2621, 3270, and 4078 grams for Asian, and 2622, 3260, and 4053 grams for Black women (adjusted global p<0.001). For individual parameters, racial/ethnic differences by order of detection were: humerus and femur lengths (10 weeks), abdominal circumference (16 weeks), head circumference (21 weeks), and biparietal diameter (27 weeks). The study-derived standard based solely on the White group erroneously classifies as much as 15% of non-White fetuses as growth-restricted (estimated fetal weight < 5th percentile). Conclusions Significant differences in fetal growth were found among the four groups. Racial/ethnic-specific standards improve the precision in evaluating fetal growth.

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International standards for fetal growth based on serial ultrasound measurements: the Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project
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“Studies have shown that different populations and ethnicities can in ﬂ uence fetal growth [25,26].”
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“A fetal growth calculator [17] for Chinese ethnic standards was applied to determine the percentiles based on fetal weight.”
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“We defined PTB as birth at 37 weeks of gestation [ 2 ], SGA as birth weight 10th percentile for gestational age (foetal weight standard according to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Fetal Growth Studies, Asian [ 19 ]), and LBV as birth weight <2500 g.”
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Additional file 1 of The rates and medical necessity of cesarean delivery in China, 2012–2019: an inspiration from Jiangsu
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Additional file 5 of Intrauterine growth pattern in Butajira HDSS, Southern Ethiopia: BUNMAP pregnancy cohort
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Additional file 6 of The rates and medical necessity of cesarean delivery in China, 2012–2019: an inspiration from Jiangsu
Song, C., Xu, Y., Ding, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, N., Li, L., Li, Z., Du, J., You, H., Ma, H., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14432750
Additional file of The rates and medical necessity of cesarean delivery in China, 2012–2019: an inspiration from Jiangsu
Song, C., Xu, Y., Ding, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, N., Li, L., Li, Z., Du, J., You, H., Ma, H., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14432756
Additional file 1 of Fetal growth velocity references from a Chinese population–based fetal growth study
Wu, T., Gong, X., Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., You, Y., Wei, H., Zuo, X., Zhou, Y., Xing, X., Meng, Z., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16779715
Additional file 7 of Intrauterine growth pattern in Butajira HDSS, Southern Ethiopia: BUNMAP pregnancy cohort
Mengistu, Y. G., Hailemariam, D., Roro, M. A., Endris, B. S., Tesfamariam, K., & Gebreyesus, S. H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26612573
Additional file 1 of Genetic distance and ancestry proportion modify the association between maternal genetic risk score of type 2 diabetes and fetal growth
Habtewold, T. D., Wijesiriwardhana, P., Biedrzycki, R. J., & Ayele, F. T. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26339882
Additional file 1 of Comparison of clinical features and pregnancy outcomes in early- and late-onset preeclampsia with HELLP syndrome: a 10-year retrospective study from a tertiary hospital and referral center in China
Li, B., & Yang, H. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19326997
Additional file 2 of Genetic distance and ancestry proportion modify the association between maternal genetic risk score of type 2 diabetes and fetal growth
Habtewold, T. D., Wijesiriwardhana, P., Biedrzycki, R. J., & Ayele, F. T. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26340138
Additional file 1 of Intrauterine growth pattern in Butajira HDSS, Southern Ethiopia: BUNMAP pregnancy cohort
Mengistu, Y. G., Hailemariam, D., Roro, M. A., Endris, B. S., Tesfamariam, K., & Gebreyesus, S. H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26612555
Additional file 1 of Fetal biometry assessment with Intergrowth 21st’s and Salomon’s equations in rural Burkina Faso
Bihoun, B., Zango, S. H., Traoré‐Coulibaly, M., Valéa, I., Ravinetto, R., Van Geertruyden, J.-P., D’Alessandro, U., Tinto, H., & Robert, A. R. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12870254
Additional file 1 of Prospective verification of sonographic fetal weight estimators among term parturients in Uganda
Sereke, S. G., Omara, R. O., Bongomin, F., Nakubulwa, S., & Kisembo, H. N. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14167870
Additional file 7 of The rates and medical necessity of cesarean delivery in China, 2012–2019: an inspiration from Jiangsu
Song, C., Xu, Y., Ding, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, N., Li, L., Li, Z., Du, J., You, H., Ma, H., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14432753
Additional file 4 of Intrauterine growth pattern in Butajira HDSS, Southern Ethiopia: BUNMAP pregnancy cohort
Mengistu, Y. G., Hailemariam, D., Roro, M. A., Endris, B. S., Tesfamariam, K., & Gebreyesus, S. H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26612564
Additional file 1 of The choice of reference chart affects the strength of the association between malaria in pregnancy and small for gestational age: an individual participant data meta-analysis comparing the Intergrowth-21 with a Tanzanian birthweight chart
Mtove, G. A., Minja, D. T. R., Abdul, O., Gesase, S., Maleta, K., Divala, T. H., Patson, N., Ashorn, U., Laufer, M. K., Madanitsa, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21321668
Additional file 5 of The rates and medical necessity of cesarean delivery in China, 2012–2019: an inspiration from Jiangsu
Song, C., Xu, Y., Ding, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, N., Li, L., Li, Z., Du, J., You, H., Ma, H., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14432747

Authors: Buck Louis, G. M., Grewal, J., Albert, P. S., Sciscione, A., Wing, D. A., Grobman, W. A., Newman, R. B., Wapner, R., D’Alton, M. E., Skupski, D., Nageotte, M. P., Ranzini, A. C., Owen, J., Chien, E. K., Craigo, S., Hediger, M. L., Kim, S., Zhang, C., & Grantz, K. L.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Christiana Care Health System (US)
University of California, Irvine (US)
Northwestern University (US)
Medical University of South Carolina (US)
Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
New York Hospital Queens (US)
MemorialCare Long Beach Medical Center (US)
Saint Peter's University Hospital (US)
University of Alabama (US)
Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island (US)
Tufts Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Buck Louis, Germaine M.
Grewal, Jagteshwar
Albert, Paul S.
Wing, Deborah A.
Grobman, William A.
Newman, Roger B.
Wapner, Ronald
D’Alton, Mary E.
Ranzini, Angela C.
Owen, John
Chien, Edward K.
Craigo, Sabrina
Kim, Sungduk
Zhang, Cuilin
Grantz, Katherine L.
Venue: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-10
Volume: 213
Issue: 4
Pages: 449.e1-449.e41
ISSN: 0002-9378 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.032
PMC: PMC4584427
OpenAlex: W2134751634
Semantic Scholar: 8d33b1784bf29d9cc114d1428637e2a03c7b59d1
Cited by: 532
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 23
FWCI: 42.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001414)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HHSN275200800012C, HHSN275200800002C, HHSN275200800014C, HHSN275200800003C, HHSN275201000009C, HHSN275200800003I, HHSN275200800013C, HHSN275 200800028C, HHSN275200800002I, ZIAHD008852)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
Keywords: fetal growth standards, fetal growth curves, racial and ethnic differences, estimated fetal weight, low-risk singleton pregnancy, fetal overgrowth, gestational age, fetal biometry, maternal sociodemographic factors, macrosomia
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Anthropometry, Asian, Black or African American, Cephalometry, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Reference Values, United States, Cohort Studies, Ultrasonography, Prenatal, White People, Fetal Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U.S.), Young Adult

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Racial/ethnic standards for fetal growth: the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies

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