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Cited by 94Information and Cyber SecurityCybersecurity and Cyber Warfare StudiesMaritime Ports and Logistics

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Port cybersecurity and threat: A structural model for prevention and policy development

Open access
Senarak, Chalermpong·2021·The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics
DOI 10.1016/j.ajsl.2020.05.001
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Abstract

Most port operators have increasingly integrated cybertechnology into port activities to increase their competitiveness; unfortunately, this digitalization becomes the major vulnerability for the emerging cyberthreat. To help port policymakers develop cybersecurity measures, this study conceptualized and developed three dimensions of port cybersecurity hygiene (i.e. human, infrastructure, and procedure factors) and investigated the relationships between port cybersecurity hygiene and cyberthreats (i.e. hacktivism, cyber criminality, cyber espionage, cyber terrorism, and cyber war). A questionnaire survey was used to collect data from all international container port operators and shipping lines with branches in Thailand, and the proposed relationships were tested by structural equation modeling. The results indicated that container ports tended to encounter hacktivism when their human, infrastructure, and procedure factors were vulnerable. The weakness of the human factor could also lead to cyber terrorism, while the deficiency of the infrastructure factor could lead to cyber criminality. Moreover, container ports were likely to be harmed by cyber espionage if their procedure factor was poorly implemented. Hence, the provision of training and education to all port workers, including top executives, managers, and supervisors, are necessary to ensure a cyberthreat-awareness culture at all organizational levels. Improving cybersecurity equipment could prevent unauthorized access to port business data and keep important information secure, while the ISPS Code-based procedures and other preventive measures should be strictly implemented by container ports to reduce the risk of cyberthreats.

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Fig. 1 . Fig. 1. The satellite view of LCP in Chonburi Province, Thailand. Source: Google Maps (2020) and United States Geological Survey (2020). Remark: The left picture was drawn from Google Mapes by Google and the right picture was drawn from EarthExplorer by the United States Geological Survey and modified in QGIS version 3.0.
Fig. 1 . Fig. 1. The satellite view of LCP in Chonburi Province, Thailand. Source: Google Maps (2020) and United States Geological Survey (2020). Remark: The left picture was drawn from Google Mapes by Google and the right picture was drawn from EarthExplorer by the United States Geological Survey and modified in QGIS version 3.0.CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF
Fig. 2 . Fig. 2. Container port throughput at LCP. Source: Port Authority of Thailand, based on data from performance reports 2010-2019.
Fig. 2 . Fig. 2. Container port throughput at LCP. Source: Port Authority of Thailand, based on data from performance reports 2010-2019.CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF
Fig. 3 . Fig. 3. Research conceptual model.
Fig. 3 . Fig. 3. Research conceptual model.CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF
Fig. 4 . Fig. 4. Structural model of cyber security hygiene and threat of container port industry.
Fig. 4 . Fig. 4. Structural model of cyber security hygiene and threat of container port industry.CC-BY-NC-ND · From the PDF

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Citations

Cites

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Metadata

Authors
Senarak, C.
Affiliations
Kasetsart University (TH)
Corresponding author
Senarak, Chalermpong
ORCID
Senarak, Chalermpong
Venue
The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-03
Volume
37
Issue
1
Pages
20-36
ISSN
2092-5212 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.ajsl.2020.05.001
OpenAlex
W3035606274
Cited by
94
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 24 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 13
FWCI
6.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Econstor (Econstor) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information and Cyber Security
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Maritime Ports and Logistics
Keywords
cyber threats, container ports, human factors, infrastructure factors, procedural factors, hacktivism, cyber espionage, cyberterrorism, cyber warfare, ISPS Code, cybersecurity training, port operators, shipping lines

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Senarak, C. (2021). Port cybersecurity and threat: A structural model for prevention and policy development. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajsl.2020.05.001