The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 1 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
How We Design Feasibility Studies
Open accessAbstract
Public health is moving toward the goal of implementing evidence-based interventions. To accomplish this, there is a need to select, adapt, and evaluate intervention studies. Such selection relies, in part, on making judgments about the feasibility of possible interventions and determining whether comprehensive and multilevel evaluations are justified. There exist few published standards and guides to aid these judgments. This article describes the diverse types of feasibility studies conducted in the field of cancer prevention, using a group of recently funded grants from the National Cancer Institute. The grants were submitted in response to a request for applications proposing research to identify feasible interventions for increasing the utilization of the Cancer Information Service among underserved populations.
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14 Own interpretation · 1 Sources not found · 1 No basis given
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A major feasibility issue that precedes the mounting of a full evaluation trial is the need to derive an effect-size estimate for the treatment.”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Does It Work?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The advantage of the cohort design, compared to the case-control design, is that it establishes the timing and directionality of effects.”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Can It Work?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Usually the design is an RCT because that study design affords the greatest internal validity (i.e., it maximizes confidence that changes in outcomes can be attributed causally to the treatment).”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Does It Work?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to an RCT, the cohort study’s main disadvantage is that participants are not assigned randomly to treatment. Thus, their outcomes may differ not because of the intervention but because the participants or their circumstances were inherently different from the outset.”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Can It Work?
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The highly controlled nature of efficacy research is good in that it is likely more possible to draw causal inferences from the designs used (often randomized trials).”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Relating to the Real World
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Earlier-phase trials are used, in part, to estimate effect size, power, and sample size for a full Phase-III trial.”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Does It Work?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
- It may state two separate claims as one. 2
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Questions about safety; optimal dose (treatment intensity, frequency, duration); and the sequencing of treatment all can be tested efficiently in experiments before the launching of a full-scale clinical trial.”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Can It Work?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Green and Glasgow9 have pointed out the incongruity between increasing demands for evidence-based practice and the fact that most evidence-based recommendations for behavioral interventions are derived from highly controlled efficacy trials.”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Relating to the Real World
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Green and Glasgow9
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, experiments afford a very time- and cost-effective means of testing whether an intervention could work.”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Can It Work?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But this focus on internal validity can reduce external relevance, and generalizability can decrease, limiting dissemination.”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Relating to the Real World
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clearly, because of resource constraints, not all interventions can be tested for both efficacy and effectiveness.”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Introduction
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The disadvantage is that the need for follow-up means that cohort studies take longer to complete.”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Can It Work?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Usually, these feasibility questions and others will be addressed initially through qualitative interviewing and surveys, followed by experimentation.”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Will It Work?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The drawback of experimental feasibility studies is that they have relatively limited external validity.”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Can It Work?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Typically, the Phase-I or -II trial entails a smaller sample size than a full Phase-III efficacy/effectiveness trial.”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Does It Work?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, experiments permit random or unbiased assignment to intervention conditions. Therefore, some comparison to an unbiased control from the same population is available.”
§ How We Design Feasibility Studies > Can It Work?
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Published standards and guides for judging feasibility and for designing and evaluating feasibility studies are lacking.
“There exist few published standards and guides to aid these judgments.”
“The published literature does not propose standards to guide the design and evaluation of feasibility studies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Feasibility studies are expected to yield findings that inform decisions about recommending an intervention for efficacy testing.
“Feasibility studies are relied on to produce a set of findings that help determine whether an intervention should be recommended for efficacy testing.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Feasibility studies help decide if an intervention merits further testing and if the underlying ideas and results can be made relevant and sustainable.
“Feasibility studies are used to determine whether an intervention is appropriate for further testing; in other words, they enable researchers to assess whether or not the ideas and findings can be shaped to be relevant and sustainable.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Which design is best varies with the chosen focus, both in feasibility work and in other research.
“The choice of an optimal research design depends upon the selected area of focus. This premise holds equally for feasibility studies and for other kinds of research.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Non-hybrid pilot implementation studies are undertaken in the absence of a broader effectiveness trial. Such studies typically occur when the effectiveness of a clinical or public health intervention is well established, but robust strategies to promote its broader uptake and integration into clinical or public health services remain untested [15].”
From Guidance for conducting feasibility and pilot studies for implementation trials (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, given the differences between implementation trials and conventional clinical or public health efficacy trials, the field of implementation science has identified the need for nuanced guidance [14–16, 19, 20].”
From Guidance for conducting feasibility and pilot studies for implementation trials (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In implementation research, feasibility and pilot studies perform the same functions as those for intervention trials, however with a focus on developing or refining implementation strategies, refining research methods for an implementation intervention trial, or undertake preliminary testing of implementation strategies [14, 15].”
From Guidance for conducting feasibility and pilot studies for implementation trials (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, where conventional clinical or public health efficacy trials are typically conducted under controlled conditions and directed mostly by researchers, implementation trials are more pragmatic [15].”
From Guidance for conducting feasibility and pilot studies for implementation trials (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although there have been many recent developments in the standardisation of guidance for implementation trials, information on the conduct of feasibility and pilot studies for implementation interventions remains limited, potentially contributing to a lack of exploratory work in this area and a limited evidence base to inform effective implementation intervention design and conduct [15].”
From Guidance for conducting feasibility and pilot studies for implementation trials (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As is the case for well conducted effectiveness trials, implementation trials often require partnerships with end-users and at times, the prioritisation of end-user needs over methods (e.g. random assignment) that seek to maximise internal validity [15, 22].”
From Guidance for conducting feasibility and pilot studies for implementation trials (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Pilot studies have relatively limited external validity [4]”
From Can CBT-E be delivered in an online group format? A pilot study of the Body Image module in a child and adolescent eating disorder service (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“they propose eight general foci of feasibility studies, four of which guided the assessment of feasibility in the current study (demand, implementation, practicality and acceptability).”
From e-TC: Development and pilot testing of a web-based intervention to reduce anxiety and depression in survivors of testicular cancer (2017) · cites this paper as Bowen et al. (2009)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The feasibility and acceptability of e-TC was evaluated in a manner consistent with that recommended by Bowen et al. (2009).”
From e-TC: Development and pilot testing of a web-based intervention to reduce anxiety and depression in survivors of testicular cancer (2017) · cites this paper as Bowen et al. (2009)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A mixed-methods study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of the intervention in the CAPS-ad following the indicators of acceptability, demand, implementation, adaptation, integration, and limited efficacy testing as described by Bowen et al. (24), with simultaneous collection of quantitative and qualitative data that was integrated into the analyses.”
From A mindfulness-based intervention for Substance Use Disorder in a Brazilian vulnerable population: a feasibility mixed method study (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“According to Bowen and colleagues [43], feasibility studies are needed when there are very few prior studies using a specific intervention approach and when extant research suggests that the target population needs unique consideration.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The purpose of conducting feasibility studies is to decide whether an intervention is appropriate for further testing, therefore enabling researchers to determine whether the intervention can be relevant and sustainable, by identifying if the methods and protocols employed need modification but also by elucidating the process of change [29].”
In the citing paper
“Some guidance suggested that changes could be made within exploratory studies to refine the intervention and underlying theory [15, 29, 31] and adapt intervention content to a new setting [39].”
From Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Sources of guidance endorsed exploratory studies having formative purposes (i.e. refining the intervention and addressing uncertainties related to intervention implementation [13, 15, 29, 31, 39]) as well as summative goals (i.e. assessing the potential impact of an intervention or its promise [6, 13, 39]).”
From Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Sources of guidance endorsed exploratory studies having formative purposes (i.e. refining the intervention and addressing uncertainties related to intervention implementation [13, 15, 29, 31, 39]) as well as summative goals (i.e. assessing the potential impact of an intervention or its promise [6, 13, 39]).”
From Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, several sources emphasised the importance of testing implementation in a range of contexts [15, 29, 39, 41]—especially in less socioeconomically advantaged groups, to examine the risk of widening health inequalities [29, 39].”
From Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Implementation, feasibility, fidelity and ‘practicality’ explored the likelihood of being able to deliver in practice what was intended [25–27, 30, 39].”
From Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Acceptability was considered in terms of recipients’ reactions [7, 8, 29, 32, 39] while others were also attentive to feasibility from the perspective of intervention providers, deliverers and health professionals [6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 39].”
From Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Acceptability was considered in terms of recipients’ reactions [7, 8, 29, 32, 39] while others were also attentive to feasibility from the perspective of intervention providers, deliverers and health professionals [6, 9, 29, 30, 34, 39].”
From Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Several sources of guidance discussed the need to understand the impact of the intervention, including harms, benefits or unintended consequences [6, 7, 15, 29, 39].”
From Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, several sources emphasised the importance of testing implementation in a range of contexts [15, 29, 39, 41]—especially in less socioeconomically advantaged groups, to examine the risk of widening health inequalities [29, 39].”
From Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Estimating sample sizes from effect size estimates in an exploratory study was nevertheless argued by some to be useful if there was scant literature and the exploratory study used the same design and outcome as the future evaluation [30, 39].”
From Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Randomisation was implied as a design feature of exploratory studies when estimating an effect size estimate of the intervention as it maximised the likelihood that observed differences are due to intervention [9, 39]”
From Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Some focussed on the relevant uncertainties of feasibility [32, 39]”
From Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Several sources recommended a range of stakeholders (e.g. intervention providers, intervention recipients, public representatives as well as practitioners who might use the evidence produced by the full trial) be involved in the planning and running of the exploratory study to ensure exploratory studies reflect the realities of intervention setting [15, 28, 31, 32, 39, 40].”
From Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“In particular, community-based participatory approaches were recommended [15, 39].”
From Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Where guidance indicated the estimation of an effect size appropriate to inform the sample size for a future evaluation, a randomised design was deemed necessary [9, 39].”
From Exploratory studies to decide whether and how to proceed with full-scale evaluations of public health interventions: a systematic review of guidance (2018) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“Qualitative research was identified as useful for issues concerning acceptability, implementation, practicality and expansion (in terms of understanding use of a known intervention in a different sub-group).”
From Maximising the impact of qualitative research in feasibility studies for randomised controlled trials: guidance for researchers (2015) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“To complicate things further, behavior change interventions have multiple criteria for success for real-world use such as being effective, usable, desirable to the target group, and safe [5, 10].”
From Agile science: creating useful products for behavior change in the real world (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Feasibility studies play an important role in identifying potentially efficacious interventions and ensuring they are prioritized for comprehensive evaluation [25].”
From Feasibility of "CopeSmart": A Telemental Health App for Adolescents (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“While a small sample size is often used in preliminary feasibility studies [25]”
From Feasibility of "CopeSmart": A Telemental Health App for Adolescents (2015) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“we did not address demand (ie, intent to use) and acceptability (ie, intent to continue use and satisfaction) by people with arthritis [31].”
From A Community-Based Physical Activity Counselling Program for People With Knee Osteoarthritis: Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of the Track-OA Study (2017) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“However, the purpose and benefit of feasibility studies is to assess how an intervention or strategy is implemented in uncontrolled, real-world settings, to inform future effectiveness trials, implementation, and scale-up [32,35,42].”
In the citing paper
“Feasibility conceptualization was guided by Bowen et al [44] exploring (1) acceptability (to what extent is the EPIO program judged as suitable, satisfying, or attractive to program recipients); (2) demand (to what extent is EPIO likely to be used, ie, exploration of the actual use of the program); and (3) limited efficacy testing (does the EPIO program show promise of being successful with the”
From Digital Self-Management in Support of Patients Living With Chronic Pain: Feasibility Pilot Study (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
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Vietinghoff, K., Fischer, S., Ulbricht, S., Strüder, D., Momper, T., Junghanß, C., & Felser, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1844730
Leduc, R. D. B., Bier, N., Rousseau, J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Ageing and Longevity · doi:10.3390/jal6020045
“Implementation is defined as “the extent, likelihood, and manner in which an intervention can be fully implemented as planned and proposed, often in an uncontrolled design” [46] (p. 3).”
InfluentialLenouvel, E., Biedermann, A., Bruhin, L. C., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8794160/v1
Mandatory Reporting: What’s the Empirical Evidence Base? A Systematic Scoping Review
Black, C. F. D., Phillips, C. M., Sanders, I. A., & Sajjad, S. A. (2026) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/10775595261448548
Gale, K. S., Dailey-Provost, J., Bateman, M., et al. (2026) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/00333549261446270
Oliveira, D., Henriques, A., Nogueira, P., & Costa, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1822499
“The pilot study conducted in this research aims to evaluate methods for recruiting and retaining participants, identify barriers and facilitators to implementation, and refine operational aspects of the research (56, 57).”
Ameel, M., Talja, T., Varpula, J., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.70281
“In this study, the deductive analysis matrix was based on areas of feasibility as identified by Bowen et al. (2009) acceptability, practicality, adaptation, and integration.”
InfluentialIdrees, S., Assaf, M., Davis, M., et al. (2026) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-026-09776-3
Ohnmacht, C., Kunder, A., Benz, S., Feuchtinger, T. F., & Puzik, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2026.1819559
“…defined as a multidimensional construct encompassing practical implementation (recruitment, participation, and adherence), safety, acceptability of the HIM-program, and contextual feasibility, including integration into clinical workflows and dependence on staffing and organizational resources (37).”
Krautkremer, C., Togher, L., & Keegan, L. C. (2026) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2026.2673742
Petras, I.-K., Wüllner, S., Hermenau, K., Meerkamp, K., & Siniatchkin, M. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/90484
“This is in line with recommendations that feasibility and pilot work should address resource requirements, recruitment, and retention before proceeding to larger-scale trials [33,34].”
Dulin, A., Tovar, A., Dunsiger, S., et al. (2026) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-026-01863-1
“We will assess study results in the context of the eight domains of feasibility studies as described elsewhere [73] to inform the future fully powered trial.”
Wami, S. D., Donnelly, C. A., Alemu, K., Tefera, E. A., & Miller, J. (2026) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-026-01866-y
“Before completing a definitive evaluation, it is also recommended to test new interventions in a pilot trial to investigate key uncertainties in the design and to assess the feasibility of conducting the future definitive RCT [26, 91, 92].”
Tschida, S., Tuiz, E., López, D., Canú, M., Boron, V., Zarazúa, J., Grazioso, M. D. P., Smith, B. A., & Rohloff, P. J. (2026) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2025-003979
Tao, S., Capin, P., Xiao, F., Mesite, L. M., Zhang, T., & Xu, Y. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6929399
Baatz, S. R. G., Simonÿ, C., Sejbæk, T., Rytter, H. M., & Mose, L. S. (2026) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s606760
Rech, J. P., Dinkel, D., Boron, J. B., et al. (2026) · Journal of Intergenerational Relationships · doi:10.1080/15350770.2026.2687535
Hodge, S., Haque, A., Quraishi, T., Bryan, A., Rogers, S., Bowling, F. L., & Ghosh, J. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118841
“…any major adverse limb event (MALE; defined as untreated loss of patency, reintervention on the index arterial segment or major amputation of the index limb), any major adverse cardiac event (MACE; defined as myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death) and all-cause mortality.”
Owusu, S. A., Edem, V. F., Nkereuwem, E., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-114409
Smythe, T., Ssemata, A. S., Menya, A., et al. (2026) · BMJ Public Health · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2026-005301
“Attendance of sessions and frequency of sessions were monitored through a register that was collected by the facilitators and reported to Amref Health Africa in Uganda after each session.”
Feasibility of Group Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Lebanon: A Pilot Study
El-Attar, A., Sleiman, J. B., Moussa, V., El‐Halabi, M. T., Tayeh, R., & Daccache, F. (2026) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20250044
Kempe, L., Graziani, P., Terenzi, D., Auclair, A., & Iakimova, G. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2026.100606
Selvaraja, K. S., Subhi, N., Razak, M. A. B. A., Aziz, N. R. A. B., & Masiran, N. B. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9765039/v1
Mygind, L., Amholt, T. T., Siemsen, N., Bjerre, K. S., & Schiøtz, M. L. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-28013-9
“Understanding implementation mechanisms and feasibility is therefore crucial [13, 14], especially as many interventions face implementation challenges when adapted to new settings [15].”
Mok, K. T., Chan, D., Ong, C., Chiew, M. H., Chua, M. C., Ngien, A., Michael, N., Gupta, V., Chan, J. K. Y., Yap, F., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1869210
“This study was guided by feasibility framework by Bowen et al. (24), which is widely used in early-stage intervention research to evaluate acceptability, demand, implementation, practicality, integration, and limited-efficacy testing prior to a trial.”
Haidar, B. S., Alqunaysi, R., Meadan, H., Loya, M. R. M., & Alwis, M. D. (2026) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455261444277
Sharma, P., & Sharma, Y. (2026) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_113_25
Bhattacharjee, A., Suh, J., Chandra, M., & Hernandez, J. (2026) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/89736
“Feasibility work is important when introducing new technological mechanisms because it can reveal practical factors that influence real-world deployment and highlight design considerations [27,28].”
Knoerl, R., Jardine, J., Chugh, R. K., Fecher, L. A., Henry, N. L., Joquico, M., Karimi, Y. H., Ploutz-Snyder, R. J., Taylor, S., Walling, E., et al. (2026) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-026-10917-2
“Feasibility The intervention was considered feasible [19] if (1) all participants were recruited over 2 years, (2) 60% of participants completed the baseline and 6-week patient-reported measures, and (3) 60% of acupressure group participants self-reported acupressure practice for at least 27 min on…”
Losciale, J. M., Trinity, J. D., Drummond, M. J., Campian, M., Battistone, M. J., Thorpe, A. V., Scaff, K., & Christensen, J. C. (2026) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2025-0025
Inda, C., Motta, L., Fleith, D., Seibel, E., Habigzang, L. F., Freitas, C., & Pessoa, A. S. G. (2026) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-026-00771-y
“The demand indicator is related to the participation of the children and adolescents in activities, the specific needs of this group and the possibility of the intervention meeting them satisfactorily [27].”
InfluentialTracey, D., Gray, T. L., & Pigott, F. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-28104-7
“Using Bowen and colleagues’ [17] recommendations for conducting a feasibility study, the present research reports on three focus areas, including demand, acceptability, implementation.”
VELOSO, F. S. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10101161/v1
Sharp, T., Wallace, D. L., Higham, S. M., Marques, C. D., Coutts, A. J., Mageropolous, N., Novak, A. R., Brewer, M., & Slattery, K. (2026) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.70211
“Intervention evaluation was conducted across five domains as per a previous framework and guiding questions (Bowen et al. 2009; Orsmond and Cohn 2015; Teresi et al. 2022).”
Trainee-Led Case-Based Learning in Medical Oncology: A Feasibility Study
Vundum, J., & Day, F. (2026) · Journal of Cancer Education · doi:10.1007/s13187-026-02932-y
Rouleaux, M., de Looff, P. C., Bouwmeester, S., Mevissen, L., Peters-Scheffer, N. C., Lindauer, R., & Didden, R. (2026) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100719
Soni, M. M., Nair, R. G., & Behera, N. (2026) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2026.200532
Yang, J., Liu, J., Zeng, X., Yang, F., Zhang, H., & Ding, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1850511
Development and Evaluation of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Patients Undergoing Hepatectomy
Kaewjaladvilai, O., Chaiviboontham, S., Sumdaengrit, B., Sukhvibul, P., & Yodkolkij, T. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14131939
“Accordingly, evaluation of CPGs should encompass guideline quality, the implementation process, and implementation outcomes within real-world contexts [21–23], as well as the perceived feasibility of guideline implementation by personnel, to support continuous improvement and development [24,25].”
Wenneborg, K., Roll‐Pettersson, L., Bölte, S., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Special Needs Education · doi:10.1080/08856257.2026.2692559
Koul, A., & Bhoomadevi, A. (2026) · International Dental Journal · doi:10.1016/j.identj.2026.109717
Kumar, V. R., Iyer, A., Pham, T., Savundranayagam, M. Y., Moodie, S., & Cardy, J. O. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261455374
Therapy Island: Translating Worksheet-Based CBT Micro-Skills into Therapist-Mediated Virtual Reality
Bhatnagar, S., Chung, C.-F., & Jung, H.-T. (2026) · ACM Interactive Health Conference · doi:10.1145/3786579.3804945
“In an exploratory study with 11 participants, we evaluate design feasibility and experiential enactment as an early-stage investigation of the system [4, 32].”
Phung, T. H., Bradford, N., Pitt, E., & Alexander, K. E. (2026) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2026.103267
Kearney, G. D., Wang, J., Maanaki, H., Butcher, J. T., Morin, G., Vallejos, Q. M., Watson, A., Cantu, E., & Nunan, E. L. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16136795
Makiishi, T., Jozen, T., Nakamura, H., & Niikawa, T. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29596-5_10
Ramos, A., Ruest, S.-M., Périnet-Lacroix, R., Marceaux, J., Beaudoin, K., Levac, D. E., Lemay, M., Demers, M., Gascon, H. D., Bordeleau, M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-026-10084-6
Lathren, C., DiMaio, S., Nip, H., Tatera, J. L., Diaz, V., Bluth, K., Herringa, R. J., & Heyn, S. A. (2026) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.70241 · Cited by 1
Hazarika, D., Baishya, A., Metri, K., Bhat, R., Kumar, S., Maity, M., Choudhury, S. S., Nayak, P. B., & Megalamani, R. H. (2026) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.1177/09727531261456974
“Participants were screened for PMS using the PSST to identify moderate-to-severe PMS. Feasibility and face validity were assessed following Bowen et al.’s framework, covering the following domains: (a) Acceptability, (b) Demand, (c) Implementation, (d) Practicality, (e) Adaptation, (f) Integration, (g) Expansion and (…”
Cousson-Gélie, F., Lareyre, O., Charton, É., Cholley-Gomez, M., Ricupero, S., Jeanleboeuf, F., Boulvin, M., Minotte, A., Poquet, D., Anota, A., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1791492
Taarmat, N., Prathanee, B., Kaenampornpan, P., Unasri, N., & Phutthikhamin, N. (2026) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1177/10538135261465902
“Consistent with feasibility frameworks, the study demonstrates acceptability, implementability, and preliminary outcome variability as key objectives of early-phase intervention research embedded in clinical practice (Bowen et al., 2009; Eldridge et al., 2016; Skivington et al., 2021).”
Segers, E. W., van den Hoogen, A., van der Sprenkel, E. E. B., Schoonhoven, L., van de Putte, E. M., & Ketelaar, M. (2026) · PEC Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.pecinn.2026.100491
“A sample of 10 participants for each group was deemed appropriate for this feasibility study [24].”
Day, S., Hinz, A., Ali, K., Fassnacht, D. B., Mulgrew, K. E., Esparza, K., Rowlands, D., & Houlihan, C. (2026) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2026.2696317 · Cited by 1
“Items to assess the acceptability of the BKOE programme were developed based on suggestions from Bowen et al. (2009), aiming to capture broad intended outcomes including satisfaction, intent to continue/recommend, and perceived appropriateness.”
Sloane, B. M., Zuckerman, K. E., Davis, M. M., & Kenyon, L. K. (2026) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2026.2700433 · Cited by 1
Lee, A., Manankil-Lakusta, A. T. K., & Rhodes, R. E. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16071172
“…content appears more acceptable when emotionally complex material is translated into concrete examples, supported with reusable materials, and delivered in a way that keeps cognitive load manageable while preserving warmth and interpretive guidance (Bowen et al., 2009; Grant et al., 2025).”
InfluentialTrae, G., Winger, A., & Nordstrøm, M. (2026) · Palliative Care and Social Practice · doi:10.1177/26323524261469594
Mohamed, N. E., Noel, J. C., Scharp, D., Fu, W., Joshi, H., Korn, T., Johnson, I., Tewari, A., & Gonzalez, A. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15145539
“Feasibility was defined as ≥ 70% of participants attending at least six of the eight SMART-AS sessions [31].”
Pradhan, N., Bhatta, L., Haugan, G., Rishal, P., & Infanti, J. J. (2026) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.3109/13668250.2026.2688672
Morales, J., Pierantozzi, E., Guerra-Balic, M., Nieto, A., Fukuda, D. H., Ortiz-Castejón, O., Maussier, N., & Rovira, M. M. (2026) · Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly · doi:10.1123/apaq.2025-0183
Gregory, J., Tokuno, J., Finan, T., et al. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10031745/v1
Løhre, E. T., Thronæs, M., Ahmedzai, H. H., Stene, G. B., Hauken, M. A., & Oldervoll, L. M. (2026) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/92046
“A recommended first step is to investigate the feasibility of a planned intervention, in accordance with accepted criteria for study design [23,24].”
van Noort, H. H. J., Tacken, M. C. T., Posthuma, A., Postmus-Jellema, R., Stommel, M. W. J., & Waal, G. H. (2026) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.surg.2026.110468
The value of pilot and feasibility studies in nursing education research: a worked example
KUMAR, D. A. A., Azlan, N. R., Davies, H. T., Kent, C. S., Massey, D. L., & Strickland, K. (2026) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2026.107295
Blay, M., Benmakhlouf, I., Speranza, M., Duarte, M., & Ronningstam, E. F. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000940
Brown, L. S., Bacon, A., Chappell, A., et al. (2026) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.70314
Bekteshi, S., Kalkantzi, A., Martens, E., Dan, B., & Pueyo, R. (2026) · Disability and Rehabilitation Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2026.2705168 · Cited by 1
Exploration of the Feasibility of an Autism Mental Health Massive Open Online Course
Browne, K., Lawson, W. B., Girdler, S. J., David, N., & Milbourn, B. T. (2026) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1177/25739581261471387
Malm, J., Bielsten, T., Nilsen, C., Odzakovic, E., & Kåreholt, I. (2026) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/98024
“Feasibility was conceptualized using the focus areas described by Bowen et al [36]; four areas were targeted in this pilot: implementation, practicality, acceptability, and integration.”
Foley, J. D., Davis, M., Scheinbach, J., Aryal, K., Batchelder, A., O’Cleirigh, C. M., & Yeh, G. Y. (2026) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053261467029
Televisits for Parkinson’s disease: benefits and barriers
Canoro, V., Giordano, C., Rotolo, M., Barone, P., & Erro, R. (2026) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-026-03238-5
Hirdes, J. P., Ellis, B., Gatobu, S., Aderibigbe, O. O., Ntem, R. A., Bagaragaza, E., Christopher, F. B., Gebrekidan, A. B., Chisati, E. M., Egbujie, B. A., et al. (2026) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2026.106366
Corvini, M., Meginniss, A., O'Brien, A., et al. (2026) · Journal of Educational Technology Systems · doi:10.1177/00472395261472797
Gonsales, M. L., Araujo, L. C. D. O., Cristiano, G. D., et al. (2026) · Sexualidad Salud y Sociedad (Rio de Janeiro) · doi:10.1590/1984-6487.sess.2026.27050932
Purpose in Life Renewal for COVID-19 Survivors: A Feasibility Study
Wagener, S. G., Radomski, M. V., Castro‐Pearson, S., Anheluk, M., Carroll, G. L., Grabe, K., Kath, K., Kocian, A., Lindenfelser, L., Rademacher, J., et al. (2026) · OTJR Occupational Therapy Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/15394492261464079
Vaughan, E. M., Nadeem, S., Balasubramanyam, A., et al. (2026) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-026-10668-0
Immersive Virtual Reality During Spinal Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)Preprint
Dhaou, F. B., Zouche, I., Mejdoub, Y., Ayedi, A., Bousarsar, M., Mezghani, F., REGAIEG, M. S., KANNOU, A., Grati, F., Trigui, M., et al. (2026) · doi:10.2196/preprints.107434
Stock, M., Proctor, K., Lea, J., & Camp, J. (2026) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x26100774
“This 20-item post-intervention questionnaire (Likert-scale and free-text questions) assessed feasibility across demand, implementation, practicality, adaptation, integration, expansion, and limited efficacy (Bowen et al ., 2009).”
Rimayanti, M. U., O’Halloran, P., Shields, N., Peiris, C. L., Harding, K. E., Porter, J. A., Snowdon, D. A., Williams, S., Wintle, E., & Taylor, N. F. (2026) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2026.2708179
Falkentoft, R. B. B., Salari, A., Henriksen, A. C., Panduro, N. S., Bengtsson, E. K. E., Ternov, N. K., Clausen, C., Hölmich, L. R., Lönn, L., Sørensen, C. M., et al. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16152433
“In accordance with established principles for feasibility study design, the study focused on practical implementation, image acquisition feasibility, and limited quantitative assessment rather than diagnostic accuracy or clinical decision-making [35].”
Lenzen, S. A., Feuler, M., Moser, A., et al. (2026) · MDM Policy & Practice · doi:10.1177/23814683261458330
“20,22 These components informed the analytic focus, while categories were allowed to emerge inductively from the data.”
Clay, P., Beeke, S., Hogger, L., Brix, I., Masse, E., Hunt, H., Dangerfield, L., & Bloch, S. (2026) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.70308
“In addressing feasibility, acceptability is a common focus (Bowen et al. 2009 ).”
Aleshire, M. E., Huffines, R., Tinman, J. S., Croghan, A. M., Ross, R., Sha, S., & Hatcher, J. (2026) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459261464522
“So, there’s a lot of anxiety and like that, that would be one of the main reasons” (36, Date cis women and trans men, CCS within 3-5 years).”
InfluentialUSING A CHATBOT FOR PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL SCREENING: A PILOT STUDY OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS
AKYLBEKOV, B., Sergazina, A., Korovnikov, A., Kenzhebekova, A., Rakhyzhanova, S., Atantayeva, B. Z., & Apsalikov, B. (2026) · Ġylym men densaulyķ saķtau. · doi:10.34689/sh.2026.28.3.022
Kodancha, P., Kashyap, H., & Desai, G. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.08.12.26360264
Goel, A., Diep, C., Zahin, A., Rosenblat, J. D., Pereira, S. M., Teja, B. J., Rao, K., Pritlove, C., Hodwitz, K., Clarke, H. A., et al. (2026) · Med · doi:10.1016/j.medj.2026.101259
Dimopoulou, M., Isakoglou, M., Hoes, J., & Androutsos, O. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14162523
“…unintended physical injury resulting from or contributed to by study participation, while clinical utility referred to the practical usefulness of the intervention, specifically the extent to which its results inform beneficial actions (e.g., treatments) that improve patient health outcomes [20].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Bowen, D. J., Kreuter, M., Spring, B., Cofta-Woerpel, L., Linnan, L., Weiner, D., Bakken, S., Kaplan, C. P., Squiers, L., Fabrizio, C., & Fernandez, M.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Saint Louis University (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Yale Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bowen, Deborah J.
- Venue
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 452-457
- ISSN
- 0749-3797 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2859314
- OpenAlex
- W2014261733
- Cited by
- 4,021
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 471 · 2025: 483 · 2024: 482 · 2023: 467 · 2022: 409 · 2021: 370 · 2020: 332 · 2019: 255 · 2018: 231 · 2017: 180 · 2016: 120 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 15.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r21ca126390-02, 5r21ca126373-02, 1r21ca126321-01, 7r21ca126326-03)
- National Cancer Institute (R21-CA126326, R21 CA126321, 1R21CA126373-01, 1R21CA126321-01, R21 CA126390, R21CA126450, 1R21CA126390-01, R21CA126325, 1R21CA126326-01, R21 CA126373)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025741)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Evaluation and Performance Assessment
- Keywords
- feasibility study, cancer prevention, evidence-based interventions, intervention selection, multi-level evaluation, cancer information services, underserved populations
- MeSH terms
- Feasibility Studies, Financing, Government, Humans, Medically Underserved Area, Neoplasms, Preventive Medicine, Public Health, Research Design, Research Support as Topic, United States, National Cancer Institute (U.S.)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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