Problem-based learning in medical school: A student's perspective
Open accessAbstract
Problem-based learning (PBL) has been a concept in existence for decades yet its implementation in medical student education is limited. Considering the nature of a physician's work, PBL is a logical step towards developing students' abilities to synthesize and integrate foundational concepts into clinical medicine. Harvard's recently redesigned Pathways curriculum has shifted almost exclusively towards PBL in its one-year preclinical curriculum. This piece provides my thoughts, both derived from my own reflections as well as conversations and observations of my peers, on the effectiveness, advantages, and disadvantages of a PBL curriculum. All in all, the feelings of my peers and I regarding PBL has been overwhelmingly positive despite potential areas of improvement and continued fine-tuning.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In comparison with student satisfaction, tutor satisfaction results are more neutral.
“In comparison with the satisfaction of the students, here the results are more neutral [112, 113, 115, 120, 121]”
From Effectiveness of problem-based learning methodology in undergraduate medical education: a scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dost, S., Hossain, A., Shehab, M., Abdelwahed, A., & Al‐Nusair, L. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042378 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
Trullàs, J. C., Blay, C., Sarri, E., & Pujol, R. (2022) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-022-03154-8 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Modern techniques of teaching and learning in medical education: a descriptive literature review
Challa, K. T., Sayed, A., & Acharya, Y. (2021) · MedEdPublish · doi:10.15694/mep.2021.000018.1 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Atta, I. S., & Al-Ghamdi, A. (2018) · Advances in Medical Education and Practice · doi:10.2147/amep.s171328 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Medical Student Education During COVID-19: Electronic Education Does Not Decrease Examination Scores
Kronenfeld, J. P., Ryon, E. L., Kronenfeld, D. S., Hui, V. W., Rodgers, S. E., Thorson, C. M., & Sands, L. R. (2020) · The American Surgeon · doi:10.1177/0003134820983194 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Approaching an undergraduate medical curriculum map: challenges and expectations
Chakrabarti, R., Wardle, K., Wright, T., Bennie, T., & Gishen, F. (2021) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-021-02778-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Alamoudi, A. A., Shawwa, L. A. A., Gad, H., & Tekian, A. S. (2021) · Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education · doi:10.1002/bmb.21501 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Measuring Readiness for Self-Directed Learning in Medical Undergraduates
Alradini, F. A., Ahmad, N., Kahloon, L. E., Javaid, A., & AlZamil, N. M. (2022) · Advances in Medical Education and Practice · doi:10.2147/amep.s360333 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Aslam, S., Akram, H., Saleem, A., & Zhang, B. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.12061 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Sannathimmappa, M. B., Nambiar, V., & Aravindakshan, R. (2022) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_683_21 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Thompson, K., Gendreau, J. L., Strickling, J. E., & Young, H. E. (2019) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1891 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mental health differences in medical students based on curriculum and gender
Jestin, M., Sharma, S., Jhaveri, D., Mitchell, B., Micciche, D., Venkataraman, V., & Lambert, K. L. (2023) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04946-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kim, Y. J. (2019) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2019/2102304 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
An outcome-oriented pattern-based model to support teaching as a design science
Li, L., Herrera, L. F., Liang, L., & Law, N. W. Y. (2022) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-021-09563-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bruce, J. C., Lack, M. L., Bomvana, N. M., & Qamata-Mtshali, N. (2018) · Journal of Nursing Education and Practice · doi:10.5430/jnep.v8n10p11 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ratnaningsih, N. (2017) · JPMI (Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika Indonesia) · doi:10.26737/jpmi.v2i2.219 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Istikomah, I., Basori, B., & Budiyanto, C. W. (2017) · IJIE (Indonesian Journal of Informatics Education) · doi:10.20961/ijie.v1i2.11432 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Formando médicos: a qualidade em questão
Balzan, N. C., & Wandercil, M. (2019) · Avaliação Revista da Avaliação da Educação Superior (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/s1414-40772019000300010 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Spatial-Problem Based Learning (SPBL) development (preliminary studies for geography learning)
Silviariza, W. Y., & Handoyo, B. (2020) · Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi Kajian Teori dan Praktek dalam Bidang Pendidikan dan Ilmu Geografi · doi:10.17977/um017v25i12020p069 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Barry, A., & Shahbaz, A. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-06711-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Predominant learning approaches of medical students in Saudi Arabia
AlOmar, R. S., AlShamlan, N. A., AlAmer, N. A., Albrahim, N. I., Alshulah, Z. Z., Kalalah, Z. A., Almoaibed, D. M., Alshulah, H. Z., AlRashid, M. R., Althumairi, A. A., et al. (2021) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-140679 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zaveri, N. T., Coty, M., McCarver, V., Vidic, C., Nolan, T. A., Nath, S. K., & Vanier, C. H. (2019) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-018-00674-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
dos Santos, D. M. B., & Silva, C. (2018) · IEEE Latin America Transactions · doi:10.1109/tla.2018.8447377 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nuankaew, P., Nuankaew, W. S., Bussaman, S., & Jedeejit, P. (2017) · International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON) · doi:10.1109/ecticon.2017.8096333 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Braunstein, M. L., Oancea, I., Barry, B. K., Darlington, S., Steel, J. R. H., Hansen, D. P., Battock, J., Cheung, D., Gan, G., Hooper, B., et al. (2019) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooz055 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Is it time for transition from the subject-based to the integrated preclinical medical curriculum?
Капитонова, М. Ю., Gupalo, S. P., Dydykin, S. S., Vasil’ev, Y. L., Мандриков, В. Б., Клаучек, С. В., & Fedorova, O. V. (2020) · Russian Open Medical Journal · doi:10.15275/rusomj.2020.0213 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dwidmuthe, S. C., Dubhashi, S., Pusdekar, V., Tiwari, V., & Sahoo, S. S. (2025) · Annals of African Medicine · doi:10.4103/aam.aam_140_24 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Digital Technology in Health Science Education
Dev, P., & Schleyer, T. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58721-5_25 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Impact of Motivation, Learning Strategy, and Intelligence Quotient on Medical Students' Grades
Febriza, A., Sompa, A. W., Amaliah, A., Padad, A. T., & Savitri, A. I. (2022) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/18743501-v15-e2205100 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Problem-based learning and ethnomathematics on mathematical understanding
Perdana, D., & Isrok’atun, I. (2019) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1318/1/012134 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Small Group Discussion; Medical Students Perspective
Humayun, L. (2020) · Proceedings of Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex Lahore · doi:10.47489/p000s342z7501-5mc · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Anatomy learning and retention among students in a graduate-entry medical course
Machado, M. (2017) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Integrated, Multidisciplinary, and Interdisciplinary Medical Education
Samieefar, N., Momtazmanesh, S., Ochs, H. D., Ulrichs, T., Roudenok, V., Golabchi, M. R., Jamee, M., Lotfi, M., Kelishadi, R., Tabari, M. A. K., et al. (2022) · Integrated science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96814-4_27 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liu, X. (2020) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v14n1p28 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
possibilities of information technology in higher education
Haborets, O. A., Krasnoshchok, V. V., & Pyshnohub, M. V. (2021) · Linguistics and Culture Review · doi:10.21744/lingcure.v5ns4.1708 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Angendari, M. D., Candiasa, . M., Warpala, I. W. S., & Agustini, K. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6n3.13605 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Problem-based learning in medical degree teaching: a scoping reviewPreprint
Trullàs, J. C., Blay, C., Sarri, E., & Pujol, R. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-514038/v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Al‐Eyd, G., Seki, T., & Griffin, D. P. (2024) · Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development · doi:10.1177/23821205241255190 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Why and how to reform an innovative curriculum? An experience report from Londrina
DIEHL, L. A., Costa, N. T., Martin, L. M. M., GORDAN, P. A., de Almeida, M. J., & Coelho, I. C. M. M. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica · doi:10.1590/1981-5271v47.1-20220195.ing · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Koohpayeh, S. A., Vasli, P., Rohani, C., & Nasiri, M. (2022) · International Journal of Health Promotion and Education · doi:10.1080/14635240.2022.2075427 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ensuring Problem-Based Learning for Medical Students and Looking Forward to Developing Competencies
Taywade, M., Gopi, K., Pal, D., & Sahoo, B. K. (2022) · Amrita Journal of Medicine · doi:10.4103/amjm.amjm_55_21 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Innovative Teaching Methods in Radiology—Building on the Experiences of Other Disciplines
Mezrich, J. L. (2018) · Academic Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.acra.2018.10.006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Вакуленко, Л. І., Бадогина, Л. П., Obolonska, O., Riznyk, A. V., & Самсоненко, С. В. (2024) · Neonatology surgery and perinatal medicine · doi:10.24061/2413-4260.xiv.2.52.2024.4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Expósito‐Hernández, J., Fernández, M. F., Villalobos, M., Hidalgo, J. L. L., Tejada, R. G., Martín, I. T., & Ching-López, R. (2025) · Journal of Cancer Education · doi:10.1007/s13187-025-02784-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Visan, I. G., & Petca, A. T. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16105085 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Problem Based Learning: Learning from the Experiences of Medical Students
Sethi, A. (2020) · Proceedings of Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex Lahore · doi:10.47489/p000s341z7341-5mc · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Feitosa, E. D. A. A. F., Neto, L. H. C., Gregório, C. D. O., Limas, L. N., Silva, P. G. D. B., & Jucá, C. E. B. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica · doi:10.1590/1981-5271v45.1-20200098.ing · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lima, L. H. D. A., Nascimento, W. D. C., Barros, L. N., Rocha, S. L., & Domingues, R. J. D. S. (2021) · Research Society and Development · doi:10.33448/rsd-v10i7.16615 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Multi-inquiry hybrid e-learning: Instructor-learner experiences
Oji, V. U., Dillion, K., & Weaver, S. B. (2022) · Pharmacy Education · doi:10.46542/pe.2022.221.5462 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Diễm, N. N., Tuyết, V. T., Hạnh, Đ. M., Anh, N. T., Thương, N. T. T., & Dung, N. M. M. (2023) · TNU Journal of Science and Technology · doi:10.34238/tnu-jst.8244 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Febriansyah, F., Lijaya, A., Rukmini, R., Amallia, R. H. T., Teristiandi, N., Saputra, A., & Soleha, S. (2024) · Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Terapan Universitas Jambi|JIITUJ| · doi:10.22437/jiituj.v8i1.32596 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cundell, D. R., & Santilli, E. (2018) · Healthcare Transformation · doi:10.1089/heat.2018.29048.drc · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Aprendizagem baseada em problemas em Engenharia de Computação: uma avaliação qualitativa
dos Santos, D. M. B., Silva, C. A. D. S. D., & Moreira, J. D. S. (2018) · Imagens da Educação · doi:10.4025/imagenseduc.v8i2.42390 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Coffman, K. E., Martínez‐Gálvez, G., Brown, A. K., Matchett, W. E., & Horazdovsky, B. F. (2018) · The journal of college science teaching · doi:10.2505/4/jcst18_048_02_14 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mudayen, Y. M. V., & Dalyono, C. T. (2019) · Universitas Sanata Dharma Repository (Universitas Sanata Dharma) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Problem-based learning in medicine
Shrivastava, S. R., & Shrivastava, P. S. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical and Scientific Research · doi:10.4103/jcsr.jcsr_97_20 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dakhil, Z. A. (2021) · Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research · doi:10.26717/bjstr.2021.36.005832 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Huntley, K. S., Labiste, C. C., Bauckman, K., Fine, L. M., & Rajput, V. (2021) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.08.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Re: An evaluation of medical student-led podcasts: what are the lessons learnt?
Serry, M.-Y. H., & Rasoul, H. (2018) · Advances in Medical Education and Practice · doi:10.2147/amep.s167218 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mudayen, Y. M. V. (2017) · Yogyakarta International Conference on Educational Management/Administration and Pedagogy (YICEMAP) · doi:10.2991/yicemap-17.2017.41
Alamoudi, A. A., AlSawwa, L. A., Gad, H., & Tekian, A. S. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.2.14332/v2
Feitosa, E. D. A. A. F., Neto, L. H. C., Gregório, C. D. O., Limas, L. N., Silva, P. G. D. B., & Jucá, C. E. B. (2021) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica · doi:10.1590/1981-5271v45.1-20200098
Sarnoko, S., Budiyono, B., Suryani, N., & Asrowi, A. (2021) · International Conference on Progressive Education (ICOPE) · doi:10.4108/eai.16-10-2020.2305246
Hedjazi, D., Chorfi, A., & Aouag, S. (2020) · International Symposium Informatics and its Applications · doi:10.1109/isia51297.2020.9416547
Measuring Readiness for Self-Directed Learning in Medical Undergraduates: A Single Institution StudyPreprint
Alradini, F. A., Ahmad, N., Kahloon, L. E., Javaid, A., & AlZamil, N. M. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-538774/v1
Alamoudi, A. A., AlSawwa, L. A., Gad, H., & Tekian, A. S. (2019) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.2.14332/v1
PARADIGM SHIFT OF LEARNING: PROBLEM -BASED LEARNING IN NURSING EDUCATION- REVIEW ARTICLE
Radha, K., Kondaguli, S. V., Vijayanarayanan, N., & Sri Devi, K. (2020) · International Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.21474/ijar01/10773
Accardo, C. D. M., de Oliveira, W. F., Ortiz, S. R. M., & Longo, P. L. (2021) · Colloquium health and education · doi:10.37497/colloquium.v1i2.17
Assessing Mental Health Differences in Medical Students Between Traditional vs. PBL CurriculumsPreprint
Jestin, M., Sharma, S., Jhaveri, D., Mitchell, B., Micciche, D., Venkataraman, V., & Lambert, K. L. (2023) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/sa9nr
Por que e como reformar um currículo inovador? Um relato de experiência de Londrina
DIEHL, L. A., Costa, N. T., Martin, L. M. M., GORDAN, P. A., de Almeida, M. J., & Coelho, I. C. M. M. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica · doi:10.1590/1981-5271v47.1-20220195
Liakhovskyi, V. I., Nemchenko, I. I., Sydorenko, А. V., Ляховська, А. В., Krasnov, O. G., & Lysenko, R. B. (2023) · doi:10.32782/2226-2008-2023-1-9
Kostenko, V. О., Akimov, O. Y., Denysenko, S. V., Kostenko, V. H., Mishchenko, A. V., Nazarenko, S. M., & Solovyova, N. V. (2025) · Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії · doi:10.31718/2077-1096.25.2.212
Implementation of Problem-Based Learning: Challenges and Successes
Coty, M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05405-0_10
Trullàs, J. C., Blay, C., Sarri, E., & Pujol, R. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19194104
Global research agenda for health professionals education: a systematic scoping review
Mohammed, M., Sethi, A., Atwa, H., & Dennis, A. A. (2026) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-08423-w
Sahu, P. K., Jurawan, M., Ramdeen, K., Seeram, A., Dookie, B., & Gould, M. (2026) · Journal of Medical Education Development · doi:10.66224/edcj.19.1.83
Shukla, A. W., Chaurasiya, M. K., Gautam, S., Singh, P. R., Mishra, N. K., & Kohli, M. (2026) · Indian Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.4103/ija.ija_1151_25
Cragno, A., & Pérez, R. C. (2026) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-026-02933-y
- Authors
- Chang, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chang, Bliss J.
- ORCID
- Chang, Bliss J.
- Venue
- Annals of Medicine & Surgery
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 88-89
- ISSN
- 2049-0801 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5134085
- OpenAlex
- W2549639630
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 31.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Annals of Medicine and Surgery (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Problem and Project Based Learning
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Innovations in Medical Education
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biomedical and Engineering Education
- Keywords
- problem-based learning, medical education, student perceptions, preclinical curriculum, Harvard Medical School, curriculum effectiveness, clinical integration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review