Interfacial engineering of defects-enriched RuO2-Co3O4-x/Cobalt Foam heterojunctions with modulated Ru-O-Co electronic bridges for long-term efficient sulfur removal and direct alkaline seawater hydrogen production
Open accessIntegrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A Tafel slope of 54 mV dec−1, within the 40-120 mV dec−1 range, indicates that the HER follows the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism.
“The experimental results show that the Tafel slope value of the electrode is 54 mV dec−1, ranging from 40 to 120 mV dec−1. According to the prevailing view, this indicates that it adheres to the Volmer–Heyrovsky mechanism.49”
Cites
Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future
Chu, S., & Majumdar, A. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11475 · Cited by 12,550 · see citing works
Sustainable Hydrogen Production
Turner, J. A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1103197 · Cited by 6,602 · see citing works
Direct Electrolytic Splitting of Seawater: Opportunities and Challenges
Dresp, S., Dionigi, F., Klingenhof, M., & Strasser, P. (2019) · ACS Energy Letters · doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00220 · Cited by 1,272 · see citing works
Wang, P., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Wan, S., Guo, S., Lu, G., Yao, J., & Huang, X. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14580 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
Tafel Slope Plot as a Tool to Analyze Electrocatalytic Reactions
van der Heijden, O., Park, S., Vos, R. E., Eggebeen, J. J. J., & Koper, M. T. M. (2024) · ACS Energy Letters · doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.4c00266 · Cited by 832 · see citing works
Qi, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhu, Y., Jiang, H., & Li, C. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32443-5 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Self-citationStrong Metal–Support Interaction in Heterogeneous Catalysts
Luo, Z., Zhao, G., Pan, H., & Sun, W. (2022) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202201395 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Oxygen-evolving catalytic atoms on metal carbides
Li, S., Chen, B., Wang, Y. F., Ye, M., van Aken, P. A., Cheng, C., & Thomas, A. (2021) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/s41563-021-01006-2 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Zhu, W., Yao, F., Cheng, K., Zhao, M., Yang, C., Dong, C., Hong, Q., Jiang, Q. M., Wang, Z., & Liang, H. (2023) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.3c05556 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Kuang, P., Ni, Z., Zhu, B., Lin, Y., & Yu, J. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202303030 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Is direct seawater splitting economically meaningful?
Hausmann, J. N., Schlögl, R., Menezes, P. W., & Driess, M. (2021) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d0ee03659e · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Chen, M., Kitiphatpiboon, N., Feng, C., Abudula, A., Ma, Y., & Guan, G. (2023) · eScience · doi:10.1016/j.esci.2023.100111 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
La Catalyse en chimie organique
Sabatier, P. (2013) · Nouveau Monde eBooks · doi:10.14375/np.9782369430186 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Zheng, X., Han, X., Cao, Y., Zhang, Y., Nordlund, D. L., Wang, J., Chou, S., Liu, H., Li, L., Zhong, C. M., et al. (2020) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202000607 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Y., Zhu, Y., Xie, Z., Xu, S., Xu, M., Li, Z., Ma, L., Ge, R., Zhou, H., Li, Z., et al. (2022) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.2c03162 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Self-citationSulfur-Based Aqueous Batteries: Electrochemistry and Strategies
Liu, J., Zhou, W., Zhao, R., Yang, Z., Li, W., Chao, D., Qiao, S., & Zhao, D. (2021) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.1c06923 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Restructuring of titanium oxide overlayers over nickel nanoparticles during catalysis
Monai, M., Jenkinson, K., Melcherts, A. E. M., Louwen, J. N., Irmak, E. A., Aert, S. V., Altantzis, T., Vogt, C., van der Stam, W., Duchoň, T., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adf6984 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Highly efficient H 2 production from H 2 S via a robust graphene-encapsulated metal catalyst
Zhang, M., Guan, J., Tu, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Wang, S.-H., Yu, L., Ma, C., Deng, D., & Bao, X. (2019) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c9ee03231b · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Zhu, Y., Fan, K., Hsu, C., Chen, G., Chen, C., Liu, T., Lin, Z., She, S., Li, L., Zhou, H., et al. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202301133 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Interfacial Engineering of Ni3N/Mo2N Heterojunctions for Urea-Assisted Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Wang, T.-Z., Miao, L., Zheng, S., Qin, H., Cao, X., Yang, L., & Jiao, L. (2023) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.3c00113 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Nanocarbon Catalysts: Recent Understanding Regarding the Active Sites
Zhang, L., Shi, Y., Wang, Y., & Shiju, N. R. (2020) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.201902126 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Sui, X., Zhang, L., Li, J., Doyle‐Davis, K., Li, R., Wang, Z., & Sun, X. A. (2021) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202102556 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Zhao, B., Liu, J., Xu, C., Feng, R., Sui, P., Wang, L., Zhang, J., Luo, J., & Fu, X. (2020) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202008812 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationHighly efficient CeO2-supported noble-metal catalysts: From single atoms to nanoclusters
Yan, H., Zhang, N., & Wang, D. S. (2022) · Chem Catalysis · doi:10.1016/j.checat.2022.05.001 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Xiao, Z., Lu, C. F., Wang, J., Qian, Y., Wang, B., Zhang, Q., Tang, A., & Yang, H. (2022) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202212183 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationSong, Y., Zhang, X., Xiao, Z., Wang, Y., Yi, P., Huang, M., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2024.124028 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Kar, S., Zhou, Q.-Q., Ben‐David, Y., & Milstein, D. (2022) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.1c10908 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Jiang, Y., Liu, H., Jiang, Y., Mao, Y., Shen, W., Li, M., & He, R. (2022) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.122294 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Zhou, Q., Shen, Z., Jin, X., Zhang, Y., Shi, M., Zhou, J., Liu, J., Lu, Z., Zhou, Y., et al. (2021) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202101922 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationZhong, Y., Ma, S., Chen, D., Feng, Y., Zhang, W., Sun, S., Lv, G., Zhang, W., Zhang, J. Z., & Ding, H. (2024) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2024.121774 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
UV photochemical oxidation of aqueous sodium sulfide to produce hydrogen and sulfur
Linkous, C. A., Huang, C., & Fowler, J. R. (2004) · Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.03.028 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Xu, Y., Lv, H., Lu, H., Quan, Q., Li, W., Cui, X., Liu, G., & Jiang, L. (2022) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107295 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Xing, Y., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Xiao, X., Li, Y., Wang, Z., Hu, Y., Xin, B., Wang, H., & Wang, C. (2024) · Nano Energy · doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109402 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Guo, T., Chen, L., Li, Y., & Shen, K. (2022) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202107739 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Zhao, B., Liu, J., Xu, C., Feng, R., Sui, P., Luo, J., Wang, L., Zhang, J., Luo, J., & Fu, X. (2020) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119800 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, C., Zhao, S., Meng, H., Han, Y., Jiang, Q., Wang, B., Shi, X., Zhang, W., Zhang, L., & Zhang, R. (2021) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03407 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Low-coordinated cobalt arrays for efficient hydrazine electrooxidation
Liu, Q., Liao, X., Tang, Y., Wang, J., Lv, X., Pan, X., Lu, R., Zhao, Y., Yu, X., & Wu, H. B. (2022) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d2ee01463g · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Xie, C., Ji, H., Zhang, Q., Yang, Z., Hu, C., Ji, X., Tang, Y., & Wang, H. (2022) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202203203 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Long, X., Zhao, B., Zhao, Q., Wu, X., Zhu, M., Feng, R., Shakouri, M., Zhang, Y., Xiao, X., Zhang, J., et al. (2023) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2023.123559 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationHydrothermal synthesis of single-crystalline nanocubes of Co3O4
Tripathy, S. K., Christy, M., Park, N.-H., Suh, E., Anand, S., & Yu, Y. (2007) · Materials Letters · doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2007.07.037 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Electrochemical sulfide removal and caustic recovery from spent caustic streams
Vaiopoulou, E., Provijn, T., Prévoteau, A., Pikaar, I., & Rabaey, K. (2016) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.039 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Sun, M., Ge, R., Li, S., Dai, L., Li, Y., Liu, B., & Li, W. (2024) · Journal of Energy Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2023.12.033 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Liu, P., Klyushin, A. Y., Surendran, P. C., Fedorov, A., Xie, W., Zeng, C., & Huang, X. (2023) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c10850 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Xie, S.-F., Fu, H., Chen, L., Li, Y., & Shen, K. (2023) · Science China Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s11426-023-1666-4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-Powered Hydrogen Production with Improved Energy Efficiency via Polysulfides Redox
Ren, J., Chen, L., Wang, H., Tian, W., Wang, L., Sun, M., Feng, Y., Zhai, S., & Yuan, Z. (2023) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c10867 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Metal sulfide-based catalysts in advanced oxidation processes for water decontamination
Wu, Z., Xiong, Z., & Lai, B. (2022) · Environmental Functional Materials · doi:10.1016/j.efmat.2023.01.004 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Zhuang, X., Zhou, Y., Jiang, Z., Yao, X.-Z., & Yu, X. (2021) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d1ta09278b · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Shanker, G. S., Ghatak, A., Binyamin, S., Balilty, R., Shimoni, R., Liberman, I., & Hod, I. (2024) · ACS Catalysis · doi:10.1021/acscatal.4c00476 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Derendorf, J., Jenne, C., & Keßler, M. (2017) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201703083 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Local disorder investigation in NiS2−xSexusing Raman and Ni K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopies
Marini, C., Joseph, B., Caramazza, S., Capitani, F., Bendele, M., Mitrano, M., Chermisi, D., Mangialardo, S., Pal, B., Goyal, M., et al. (2014) · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter · doi:10.1088/0953-8984/26/45/452201 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Electrochemical coupling conversion of sulfur-containing gaseous waste to treasure: A key review
Yang, H. S., Bai, J. Y., Zhou, T., Zhou, C., Xie, C., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Simchi, A., & Zhou, B. (2023) · Applied Catalysis A General · doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2023.119085 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Z., Pan, M., Hu, H., Zhou, Q., Yuan, H., Han, Y., Zhou, L., & Wang, J. (2024) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2024.124386 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Free-energy calculations of elemental sulphur crystals via molecular dynamics simulations
Pastorino, C., & Gamba, Z. (2003) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1582840 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yi, L., Ji, Y., Shao, P. H., Chen, J., Li, J., Li, H., Chen, K., Peng, X., & Wen, Z. (2021) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202108992 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A hydrophobic patchwise heterogeneous oxide surface
Formaro, L., Giannantonio, R., Pastorelli, C., & Carli, R. (1992) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/j100187a006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 59 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Li, H., Zhang, L., Liu, W., Gui, T., Xiao, L., Liu, Q., Ding, J., Hu, G., & Liu, X. (2025) · Materials Chemistry Frontiers · doi:10.1039/d5qm00378d · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ma, Z., Guo, H., Wang, P., Dai, L., Zhan, S., & Shen, F. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.163249 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ansari, M. Z., Ansari, S. A., Parveen, N., Alam, M. W., & Umar, A. (2025) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2025.136899 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gui, T., Li, J., Wu, Z., Zheng, Z., Yang, M., Wu, Y., Wang, Z., Shakir, I., Hu, G., & Liu, X. (2025) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2025.217399 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yang, X., Mu, C., Jiang, Y., Meng, X., Tong, Z., & Huang, K. (2025) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2025.125720 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Circular green hydrogen: Wastewater splitting and waste-derived catalysts for hydrogen production
Wu, H., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., & Gao, X. (2025) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.05.402 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Chen, Z., Cai, X., Ning, S., Liu, X., Ni, B., & Zhu, J. (2025) · Nano Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.nanoms.2025.05.007 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Li, B., Wu, H., Sun, Z., Zhang, C., Ye, X., Fei, S., Liang, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, Q., & He, S. (2025) · Carbon · doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2025.121101 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yang, W., Xie, B., Feng, C., Sun, Y., Xie, J., Pu, J., Wang, N., Peng, B., Wang, G., & Yu, F. (2026) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2026.126714 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zhao, M., Yuan, J., Yang, F., Liu, H., Sun, X., Sun, Y., Sun, S., Liu, J., & Li, Y. (2025) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d5gc03579a · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Du, H., Liu, Y., Liu, H., & Wang, L. (2025) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134035 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hydrogen Production from Marine Renewable Energy: A Review
Ning, M., Yao, Y., Zhan, Y., Pan, F., Yong-jie, F., Chen, D., Zi, M., & Shi, M. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18246490 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Achievement of Transition Metal Chalcogenides/Oxides in Hydrogen Production by Seawater Electrolysis
Du, X., Li, X., Li, J. M., & Sun, T. (2026) · EcoEnergy · doi:10.1002/ece2.70072 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Enhancing carbon activity in C@hcp-NiPt/NF electrocatalyst for pH-universal hydrogen evolution
Liu, C., Wei, G., Chen, H., Sun, W., Zhao, X., & Zhao, X. Y. (2025) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2025.01.241 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tan, J., Guo, M., Li, H., Qi, Y., Wang, M., Wang, X., Li, H., & Ding, L. (2025) · Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers · doi:10.1039/d5qi01744k · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wng, X., Li, J., Zhu, X., Xu, Z., Xie, S., Chen, S., Wan, Y., Zhang, G., Ge, M., Zhang, W., et al. (2026) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d6sc02309f · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Liu, F., Yu, K., Liu, Y., Yang, H., Long, X., Surulinathan, A., Feng, R., Zhang, Y., Fu, X., Zhao, B., et al. (2026) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.8420715 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationZhu, C., Liu, F., Huang, L., Geng, S., Jia, H., & Li, R. (2026) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2026.127395 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhanced PDC performance using combination additives of nanodiamond and nanographene
Ke, X., Yang, X., Zhang, K., Li, Z., Sun, J., & Ivankoviç, A. (2025) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2025.12.400 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Lu, Q., Zhu, Z., Xu, X., Wang, Y., Rong, Y., & Liu, B. (2026) · Applied Catalysis A General · doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2026.121003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tsacheva, I., Yazici, M. S., Turutoglu, C., Raikova, G., Petrov, K., & Uzun, D. (2026) · Hydrogen · doi:10.3390/hydrogen7020058 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Peng, Z., Zhou, H., Wang, K., & Lu, Z. (2026) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d6gc00977h · Cited by 1 · see citing works
He, Y., Yang, J., Zhang, B., Mei, Q., & Wang, Q. (2026) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.70721 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hossain, T., Mirghni, A. A., Shah, S. S., Arshad, S. N., & Aziz, M. A. (2026) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.157338 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance of RuO2 nanorods grown on top of WO3 nanotube arrays
Zhang, M., Ren, J., Wang, K., Li, Y., Jiang, H., & Wei, W. (2025) · Ionics · doi:10.1007/s11581-025-06395-x
Liu, F., Yu, K., Liu, Y., Yang, H., Long, X., Surulinathan, A., Feng, R., Zhang, Y., Fu, X., Zhao, B., et al. (2026) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.8420715
Self-citationCui, N., Wei, J., Li, J., Guan, S., Zhai, M., Li, Y., Yan, W., Zhao, Y., Zhang, X., & Li, J. (2026) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2026.127147
Liu, Y., Kang, J., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Sun, X., Wei, D., Guo, H., Pei, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2026) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2026.127448
Self-citationJia, Y., Gao, R., Zhu, M., Wang, Y., Zheng, J., zhou, H., Zhou, D., & Li, Y. (2026) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2026.190988
Zhao, Q., Zhao, B., Wu, W., Feng, R., Wang, H., Zeng, H., Zhang, H., Xiao, H., Luo, J., & Li, G. (2026) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2026.127557
Self-citationYuan, Y., Zhou, L., Zheng, X., Huang, M., Wu, J., Wang, L., Liu, N., & Zheng, J. (2026) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.71074
- Authors
- Yang, H., Long, X., Liu, F., Zhou, J., Chen, N., Feng, R., Zhang, Y., Fu, X.-Z., Luo, J.-L., & Zhao, B.
- Affiliations
- Shenzhen University (CN)
- Canadian Light Source (Canada) (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Zhao, Bin
- Venue
- Applied Catalysis B: Environment and Energy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-06
- Volume
- 366
- Pages
- 125037
- ISSN
- 0926-3373 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4406133354
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 15
- FWCI
- 4.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Catalysis B: Environmental (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (22472103)
- Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province (2023A1515010940)
- Natural Science Foundation of Shenzhen Municipality (20220809160022001)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts
- Keywords
- desulfurization, hydrogen evolution reaction, cobalt foam, interfacial charge transfer, d-band center, catalyst stability, industrial wastewater treatment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review