H2-powered aviation – Optimized aircraft and green LH2 supply in air transport networks
Open accessAbstract
The final financial decisions on starting the commercialization of the next single-aisle aircraft programs for entry-into-service in the 2030s are due in less than 5 years. These programs will shape the future climate impact over the following 20–30 years of this aircraft segment and will determine if the sector can achieve its 2050 net-zero target. And so far, there are only limited holistic research perspectives available evaluating the best decarbonization options for such a crucial next product. This study provides a first-of-its-kind holistic evaluation approach for the business case of single-aisle hydrogen-(H 2 )-powered aircraft to enable true-zero CO 2 flying. It combines the optimization of green liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ) supply and aircraft designs as well as the investigation of operational strategies with such aircraft in one specific air traffic network. It is found that LH 2 could cost around 2 to 3 USD/kg at main European airports in a 2050 scenario. Even though the aircraft with H 2 direct combustion would be less efficient, average total operating costs would be 3% lower than flying with synthetic kerosene in the given network in 2050. As an operational strategy to save fuel costs, tankering might play an essential role in reducing operating costs for H 2 -powered aircraft in the early adoption phase with high differences in LH 2 supply costs. Finally, it is derived that usage of LH 2 as a fuel would lead to lower installation requirements of renewable energy generation capacity compared to the synthetic kerosene option. Since green electricity will be a constrained resource in the next decades, this is another important aspect for choosing future decarbonization options in air travel. All in all, the study proves the importance of the derived methodology leading to a broader techno-economic assessment for two decarbonization options in aviation. Such novel approaches might be further developed and applied to other related research topics in this field. • Optimized LH 2 supply costs for 104 airports incl. Comparison of best supply pathways. • Four optimized H 2 -powered single-aisle aircraft designs and operational strategies. • Comparison of total direct operating costs for kerosene, synthetic kerosene, and LH 2 in a given air traffic network.
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Other fuels such as Fischer-Tropsch liquids or hydrogen could also be considered for aviation.
“Other fuels could also be considered for aviation, such as Fischer-Tropsch (FT) liquids [11] or hydrogen [22].”
From Locked in on RFNBOs – Will EU mandates for drop-in synthetic aviation fuels lead to decreased energy- and cost-efficiency? (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
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- Authors
- Hoelzen, J., Silberhorn, D., Schenke, F., Stabenow, E., Zill, T., Bensmann, A., & Hanke-Rauschenbach, R.
- Affiliations
- Leibniz University Hannover (DE)
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Bensmann, A.
- Venue
- Applied Energy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-02
- Volume
- 380
- Pages
- 124999
- ISSN
- 0306-2619 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4404920216
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9
- FWCI
- 3.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Energy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- elib (German Aerospace Center) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (390881007)
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research Bonn Office (03SF0670A)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Advanced Aircraft Design and Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Air Traffic Management and Optimization
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Aviation Industry Analysis and Trends
- Keywords
- hydrogen aircraft, aviation decarbonization, single-aisle aircraft, aircraft design optimization, synthetic kerosene, operating costs, air traffic network, net-zero aviation, business case
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