Cited by 491Suicide and Self-Harm StudiesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

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A cognitive model of suicidal behavior: Theory and treatment

Wenzel, Amy, Beck, Aaron T.·2008·Applied and Preventive Psychology

DOI 10.1016/j.appsy.2008.05.001

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Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
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Implicit interpersonal evaluations as a risk factor for suicidality: Automatic spousal attitudes predict changes in the probability of suicidal thoughts.
McNulty, J. K., Olson, M. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000180 · Cited by 27
“Above-zero suicidal thought is an important clinical phenomenon in its own right, a widely shared consensus view (e.g., Wenzel & Beck, 2008).”
Background
Perfectionistic Self-Presentation, Socially Prescribed Perfectionism, Self-Oriented Perfectionism, Interpersonal Hopelessness, and Suicidal Ideation in U.S. Adults: Reexamining the Social Disconnection Model
Robinson, A. D., Moscardini, E. H., Tucker, R. P., & Calamia, M. R. (2021) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2021.1922108 · Cited by 26
“As such, hopelessness is a construct named in various theories of suicide (e.g., the Three Step Theory of Suicide, Klonsky & May, 2015; the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide, Joiner, 2005; the Cognitive Model of Suicide, Wenzel & Beck, 2008).”
Background
Impulsiveness indirectly affects suicidal ideation through depression and simultaneously moderates the indirect effect: A moderated mediation path model
Zhang, J., Zhang, X., Yang, G., & Feng, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.913680 · Cited by 29
The defeat-entrapment theory versus Beck’s hopelessness theory of depression and suicidality: A cross-national analysis in Iran and the United States
Tarsafi, M., Kalantarkousheh, S. M., & Lester, D. (2015) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764015583921 · Cited by 26
“The cognitive process most central to Aaron Beck’s theory of suicide is hopelessness (Wenzel & Beck, 2008).”
Background
ERP investigation of attentional disengagement from suicide-relevant information in patients with major depressive disorder
Baik, S. Y., Jeong, M., Kim, H. S., & Lee, S. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.046 · Cited by 26
“Wenzel and Beck (2008) proposed that this bias can lead to suicidal crisis when one encounters suicide-relevant cues during the state of hopelessness.”
Background
Suicidal Behavior and Stress Generation in Adolescents
Liu, R. T., & Spirito, A. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618810227 · Cited by 29
“Also a potential candidate for stress generation in suicidal behavior is impulsivity, among the most widely studied psychological constructs in relation to suicide (Wenzel & Beck, 2008).”
Background
Impact of an online depression prevention intervention on suicide risk factors for adolescents and young adults
Dickter, B., Bunge, E. L., Brown, L. M., Leykin, Y., Soares, E. E., Voorhees, B. W. V., Marko-Holguin, M., & Gladstone, T. R. G. (2019) · mHealth · doi:10.21037/mhealth.2019.04.01 · Cited by 29
“Items for suicidal ideation were selected with particular focus on desire to escape, in alignment with Wenzel and Beck’s (42) cognitive model of suicidal behavior, specifically cognitive processes associated with psychiatric disturbance and those associated with suicidal acts which combine to increase the likelihood o…”
Method
The Psychoanalytic Study of Suicide, Part I: An Integration of Contemporary Theory and Research
Schechter, M., Goldblatt, M., Ronningstam, E., & Herbstman, B. (2022) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/00030651221086622 · Cited by 21
Suicidal ideation in patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension: Baseline results from the DEPSCREEN‐INFO clinical trial
Lehmann, M., Kohlmann, S., Gierk, B., Murray, A., & Löwe, B. (2018) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2305 · Cited by 25
Life course well-being framework for suicide prevention in Canadian Armed Forces Veterans
Thompson, J. M., Heber, A., VanTil, L. D., Simkus, K., Carrese, L., Sareen, J., & Pedlar, D. (2019) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh.2018-0020 · Cited by 25
Using Intensive Longitudinal Data to Identify Early Predictors of Suicide-Related Outcomes in High-Risk Adolescents: Practical and Conceptual Considerations
Czyz, E. K., Yap, J. R. T., King, C. A., & Nahum-Shani, I. B. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120939168 · Cited by 29
“…role of psychache or psychological pain in suicide (Shneidman, 1993), the critical role of hopelessness in the cognitive framework of suicide (Wenzel & Beck, 2008), the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior (Joiner, 2005; Van Orden et al., 2010), the three-step theory of…”
Background
Direction of Dependence Between Specific Symptoms of Depression: A Non-Gaussian Approach
Velázquez, R. G., Jokela, M. M., & Rosenström, T. H. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619875410 · Cited by 24
“…cognitive model of suicidal behavior, which is embedded within the unified model of depression by Beck and collaborators (Beck & Bredemeier, 2016; Wenzel & Beck, 2008), posits that once a suicide schema is triggered and activated, there is an increased likelihood that the state of hopelessness…”
Method
Neurophysiological Markers Related to Negative Self-referential Processing Differentiate Adolescent Suicide Ideators and Attempters
Allison, G. O., Benau, E. M., Asbaghi, S., Pagliacco, D., Stewart, J. G., & Auerbach, R. P. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.04.001 · Cited by 24
The prevalence of suicide ideation and predictive factors among pregnant women in the third trimester
Zhang, L., Yang, Y., Li, M., Zhou, X., Zhang, K., Yin, X., & Liu, H. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04590-6 · Cited by 24
Examination of characteristics of ruminative thinking as unique predictors of suicide-related outcomes
Rogers, M. L., Gorday, J. Y., & Joiner, T. E. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.001 · Cited by 24
Defeat, Entrapment, and Hopelessness: Clarifying Interrelationships between Suicidogenic Constructs
Oakey‐Frost, N., Moscardini, E. H., Russell, K., Rasmussen, S. A., Cramer, R. J., & Tucker, R. P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191710518 · Cited by 23
“appears to be a central cognitive mechanism for STB vulnerability [4].”
Background
Suicide risk after suicide bereavement: The role of loss-related characteristics, mental health, and hopelessness
Grafiadeli, R., Glaesmer, H., Hofmann, L., Schäfer, T., & Wagner, B. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.056 · Cited by 25
The Neuroscience of Suicidal Behavior
van Heeringen, K. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316563205 · Cited by 22
Factors precipitating suicide attempts vary across race
Rosario‐Williams, B., Rowe‐Harriott, S., Ray, M., Jeglic, E. L., & Miranda, R. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1757680 · Cited by 24
“Perhaps Black YAs in highly critical interpersonal environments may have habituated to these stressors, and such stressors may not constitute enough distress to surpass the tolerance threshold proposed in cognitive models of suicide.(36) These hypotheses are speculative and warrant further research.”
Background
Initial Psychometric Properties of the Attentional Fixation on Suicide Experiences Questionnaire
Adler, A., Jager‐Hyman, S., Green, K. L., Brown, G. K., Beck, A. T., & Wenzel, A. E. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9683-7 · Cited by 22
“In their cognitive model of suicidal behavior, Wenzel et al. (Wenzel and Beck 2008; Wenzel et al. 2009) focused on the role of suicide-relevant cognitive processes during suicidal crises (see Fig.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
A recent suicide attempt and the heartbeat: Electrophysiological findings from a trans-diagnostic cohort of patients and healthy controls
Rüesch, A., de Araujo, T. V., Monn, A., Hörmann, C., Adank, A., Ip, C.-T., Schoretsanitis, G., Kleim, B., & Olbrich, S. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.11.020 · Cited by 21
Association between negative life events and suicidal behavior in adolescents: roles of core self-evaluation, depression and gender
Li, Y., Shen, X., & Wang, J.-L. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02725-y · Cited by 24
Smoking and suicidal ideation among college students: Smoking expectancies as potential moderators
Waters, A. F., Peltier, M. R., Roys, M. R., Stewart, S. A., & Copeland, A. L. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1719112 · Cited by 27
Exploring risk factors and their differences on suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among depressed adolescents based on decision tree model
Wang, Y., Liu, J. Y., Chen, S., Zheng, C., Zou, X., & Zhou, Y. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.035 · Cited by 23
Relative Impact of Risk Factors, Thwarted Belongingness, and Perceived Burdensomeness on Suicidal Ideation in Veteran Service Members
O’Connor, S. S., Carney, E., Jennings, K. W., Johnson, L. L., Gutierrez, P. M., & Jobes, D. A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22426 · Cited by 22
“For example, the cognitive model of suicide risk (Wenzel & Beck, 2008) identifies hopelessness and cognitive constriction as two suicide-specific constructs that directly cause suicidal ideation.”
Method
Negative self-appraisal: Personal reasons for dying as indicators of suicidality
Madsen, J., & Harris, K. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246341 · Cited by 19
Cognitive Flexibility and Impulsivity Deficits in Suicidal Adolescents
MacPherson, H. A., Kim, K. L., Seymour, K. E., Wolff, J. C., Esposito-Smythers, C. L., Spirito, A., & Dickstein, D. P. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00952-y · Cited by 19
“According to the cognitive model of suicide (Wenzel & Beck, 2008) and other escape theories of suicide (Baumeister, 1990; Linehan, 1993), when negative life events generate emotional distress in the context of poor cognitive control, such individuals may become preoccupied with suicide as their…”
Method
Attentional control deficits and suicidal ideation variability: An ecological momentary assessment study in major depression
Herzog, S., Keilp, J. G., Galfalvy, H., Mann, J. J., & Stanley, B. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.053 · Cited by 20
Suicide‐Specific Cognitions, Attentional Fixation, and Worst‐Point Suicidal Ideation
Moscardini, E. H., Aboussouan, A. B., Bryan, C. J., & Tucker, R. P. (2020) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12628 · Cited by 20
Translating Interventional Neuroscience to Suicide: It’s About Time
Barredo, J., Bozzay, M. L., Primack, J. M., Schatten, H. T., Armey, M. F., Carpenter, L. L., & Philip, N. S. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.01.013 · Cited by 21
“, rumination and self-conceptual distortions (8,14), prospective impairments (64)] long associated with suicidality.”
Background
A Qualitative Analysis of Suicide Notes to Understand Suicidality in Older Adults
Cuperfain, A. B., Furqan, Z., Sinyor, M., Mulsant, B. H., Shulman, K. I., Kurdyak, P. A., & Zaheer, J. (2022) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2022.08.006 · Cited by 19
Suicide risk level prediction and suicide trigger detection: a benchmark dataset
Li, J., Chen, X., Lin, Z., Yang, K., Leong, H. V., Yu, N. X., & Li, Q. (2022) · HKIE Transactions · doi:10.33430/v29n4thie-2022-0031 · Cited by 20
Childhood maltreatment patterns and suicidal ideation: mediating roles of depression, hope, and expressive suppression
Ye, Y., Chen, B., Zhen, R., Li, Y., Liu, Z., & Zhou, X. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02442-6 · Cited by 18
“On the other hand, depressive symptoms contribute to individuals’ feelings of being trapped in their current stress and diffi - culties, perceiving a lack of control and an inability to solve problems [30].”
A Mixed Methods Approach to Identify Cognitive Warning Signs for Suicide Attempts
Adler, A., Bush, A., Barg, F. K., Weissinger, G., Beck, A. T., & Brown, G. K. (2016) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2015.1136717 · Cited by 18
“ARCHIVES OF SUICIDE RESEARCH 535 This study supports two of the cognitive processes highlighted in Wenzel and colleague’s (Wenzel & Beck, 2008; Wenzel, Brown, & Beck, 2009) cognitive model of suicidal behavior, specifically state hopelessness and attentional fixation.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Predicator of Pregnant Women’s Self-care Behavior against Air Pollution: An explanation based on the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM)
Jasemzadeh, M., Jaafarzadeh, N., Khafaie, M. A., Malehi, A. S., & Araban, M. (2016) · Electronic physician · doi:10.19082/2871 · Cited by 18
Examining multiple features of episodic future thinking and episodic memory among suicidal adults
Christine, B. W., Robinaugh, D. J., Schacter, D. L., Altheimer, G., Marx, B. P., Keane, T. M., Kearns, J. C., & Nock, M. K. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12826 · Cited by 21
Coping with Suicidal Urges: An Important Factor for Suicide Risk Assessment and Intervention
Interian, A., Chesin, M. S., Kline, A., Hill, L. S., King, A. R., Miller, R. B., Latorre, M., Gara, M. A., & Stanley, B. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2019.1678538 · Cited by 18
“The aim is to prevent escalation to a suicidal crisis, where coping skills are overwhelmed, distress becomes intolerable, and the risk for suicidal behavior is acute (Wenzel & Beck, 2008).”
Background
Development of practice principles for the management of ongoing suicidal ideation in young people diagnosed with major depressive disorder
Rice, S., Simmons, M. B., Bailey, A. P., Parker, A. G., Hetrick, S. E., Davey, C. G., Phelan, M., Blaikie, S., & Edwards, J. (2014) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312114559574 · Cited by 17
The Sexual Harassment–Suicide Connection in the U.S. Military: Contextual Effects of Hostile Work Environment and Trusted Unit Leaders
Griffith, J. E. (2017) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12401 · Cited by 17
“Additionally, the experience of sexual harassment without correction likely results in perceptions of helplessness and hopelessness (Wenzel & Beck, 2008).”
Background
Passive and active suicidal ideation among left‐behind children in rural China: An evaluation of intrapersonal and interpersonal vulnerability and resilience
Liu, R. T., Lawrence, H. R., Burke, T. A., Sanzari, C. M., Levin, R. Y., Maitlin, C., Paszek, C., & Zhu, X. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12802 · Cited by 16
Young people who access harm-advocating online content: A four-country survey
Oksanen, A., Näsi, M., Minkkinen, J., Keipi, T., Kaakinen, M., & Räsänen, P. (2016) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2016-2-6 · Cited by 16
What young people say about impulsivity in the short-term build up to self-harm: A qualitative study using card-sort tasks
Lockwood, J., Townsend, E., Allen, H., Daley, D., & Sayal, K. S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244319 · Cited by 19
Prevalence and psychiatric correlates of loneliness in UK university students
Akram, U., Drabble, J., Irvine, K., Allen, S. F., Akram, A., Stevenson, J. C., & Gardani, M. (2025) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-025-00144-8 · Cited by 20
Childhood maltreatment influences suicidal behavior: Rumination mediates and regulatory emotional self-efficacy moderates
Wu, C., Zong, Z., Huang, T.-T., Yu, L.-X., & Sun, Q. (2022) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2022.2132319 · Cited by 15
“According to the cognitive model of suicide behavior (Wenzel & Beck, 2008), hopelessness makes individuals regard suicide as the only means to solve problems, and this kind of attention fixation interacts with despair to provoke suicide attempts.”
Method
Impulsivity, aggression, and impulsive aggression in suicidality
Moore, F. R., Allott, C., & O’Connor, R. C. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111971 · Cited by 15
“Wenzel and Beck (2008) update of Beck et al. (1990) Cognitive Model includes aggression in an equivalent role to impulsivity and argue both may be components of a ‘disinhibitory psychopathology ’ (e.g. Gorenstein & Newman, 1980; Mann et al., 1999).”
Background
Cyberbullying Victimization and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Early Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model of Social Anxiety and Emotion Reactivity
Wang, Y., Liu, Y., & Zhou, J. (2023) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2022.0346 · Cited by 18
“A possible explanation is that adolescents with higher emotion reactivity tend to experience strong emotions more easily, 43 and are less tolerant of the negative emotions caused by exposure to stressful events, such as cy-berbullying victimization, thus increasing the incidence of nonsuicidal…”
Mise en évidence de trois états psychologiques pré-passage à l’acte chez 32 patients hospitalisés pour tentative de suicide
Vandevoorde, J. (2013) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/j.encep.2013.03.001 · Cited by 15
Distinct effects of over-general autobiographical memory on suicidal ideation among depressed and healthy people
Jiang, W., Hu, G.-T., Zhang, J., Chen, K., Fan, D., & Feng, Z. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6 · Cited by 16
Theoretical frameworks informing the relationship between parental death and suicidal behaviour: A scoping review
Hua, P., Maple, M. J., Hay, K., & Bugeja, L. C. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03911 · Cited by 18
Overtime working patterns and adverse events in work-related suicide cases: hierarchical cluster analysis of national compensation data in Japan (fiscal year 2015–2016)
Nishimura, Y., Yamauchi, T., Sasaki, T., Yoshikawa, T., & Takahashi, M. (2021) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-021-01760-5 · Cited by 14
“Although long working hours are not directly related to suicide, depression is strongly related to suicide through suicide ideation and attempts (Wenzel and Beck 2008; Howard and Krannitz 2017).”
Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents and Young Adults: The Role of Defeat, Entrapment, and Depressive Symptoms—From a Systematic Review to a Tentative Theoretical Model
Arco, A. H.-D., Izquierdo-Sotorrío, E., Carrasco, M. Á., Caro‐Cañizares, I., & Tello, F. P. H. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14121145 · Cited by 14
Public Health Perspectives on Depressive Disorders
Cohen, N. L. (2017) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.1353/book.52762 · Cited by 15
Ideación suicida: Síntomas depresivos, pensamientos disfuncionales, auto- concepto, y estrategias de manejo en adolescentes puertorriqueños/as
Duarté‐Vélez, Y., Lorenzo‐Luaces, L., & Rosselló, J. (2012) · Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología · Cited by 14
Linking Psychological Strain and Suicide Ideation
Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., & Chen, C. (2018) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000809 · Cited by 15
“Most of those studies are generally frommedical perspectives and have often been exploratory in nature (Wenzel and Beck, 2008) and therefore lack theoretical generalization (Zhang et al., 2011).”
Background
When people die by suicide: Introducing unacceptable loss thresholds as a potential missing link between suicide readiness states and actively suicidal clinical states
Capron, D. W., Bauer, B. W., & Bryan, C. J. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12820 · Cited by 15
The Relationship Among Anxiety Sensitivity, Psychache, and Suicidality in Patients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Demirkol, M. E., Tamam, L., Namlı, Z., Karaytuğ, M. O., & Yeşiloğlu, C. (2022) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001534 · Cited by 14
Content and Process of Adolescent Suicide Ideation: Implications for Risk Assessment
Miranda, R., Ortin‐Peralta, A., Macrynikola, N., Nahum, C., Mañaná, J., Rombola, C., Runes, S., & Waseem, M. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01092-7 · Cited by 15
“In the cognitive model of suicide, suicide-related schemas are defined as a “lens” by which individuals organize incoming information about the world that is characterized by SI (Wenzel & Beck, 2008).”
BackgroundMethod
Pathways linking workplace violence and suicidal ideation/non-suicidal self-injury among nurse staff: the mediating role of loneliness and depressive symptoms
Ding, C., Duan, Z., Luo, W., Li, L., Li, G., Li, X., Xie, L., & Yang, R. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02044-2 · Cited by 13
The role of hopelessness and gratitude in the association between brooding and Chinese college students’ suicidal ideation: a moderated mediation model
Liu, Y., Yang, Y., Jia, X., Wang, C., Mo, J., Jiang, Z., & Lin, L. (2020) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2020.1800053 · Cited by 13
“The maladaptive cognitive patterns can lead to hopelessness and then result in suicidal ideation according to the cognitive model of suicide (Wenzel & Beck, 2008).”
Method
Understanding Patterns of Adolescent Suicide Ideation: Implications for Risk Assessment
Miranda, R., Ortin‐Peralta, A., Rosario‐Williams, B., Kelly, T. F., Macrynikola, N., & Sullivan, S. R. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82465-5_9 · Cited by 13
Suicide Cognitions Scale: Psychometric Support in a Community Sample Using Bifactor Modeling and Altered Item Content
Moscardini, E. H., Pardue-Bourgeois, S., Oakey‐Frost, N., Powers, J. T., Bryan, C. J., & Tucker, R. P. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211050894 · Cited by 12
“Suicide planning was determined by three total questions assessing whether participants had decided on how, when, and/or where they would kill themselves.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Trait Anxiety Mediates Impulsivity and Suicidal Ideation in Depression During COVID-19 Pandemic
Cheng, X., Zhang, Y., Zhao, D., Yuan, T., & Qiu, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.892442 · Cited by 12
Distinct trajectories of suicidal behaviors throughout the university stage and associated risk and protective factors: A large-scale prospective study
Shi, X., Jiang, L., Chen, X., & Ya, Z. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.107 · Cited by 14
The association between victimization experiences and suicidality: The mediating roles of sleep and depression
Yu, Z., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.093 · Cited by 13
The bidirectional longitudinal associations between fear of negative evaluation and suicidal ideation among Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of interpersonal needs factors
Chen, D., Shen, Y., Zhou, X., Ying, J., Zhang, J., Zhan, S., Zhang, S., & You, J. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.05.151 · Cited by 14
The narrative crisis model of suicide: A review of empirical evidence for an innovative dynamic model of suicide and a comparison with other theoretical frameworks
Bloch‐Elkouby, S., Rogers, M. L., Goncearenco, I., Yanez, N., Nemeroff, C. B., Chennapragada, L., Cohen, L. J., & GALYNKER, I. I. (2024) · Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pmip.2024.100131 · Cited by 13
Attentional Bias Deficits in Adolescent Suicide Attempters During an Emotional Stroop Task: An ERP Study
Tavakoli, P., Jerome, E., Boafo, A., & Campbell, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.694147 · Cited by 12
Catalytic Reaction Model of Suicide
McPherson, P., Sall, S., Santos, A., Thompson, W., & Dwyer, D. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.817224 · Cited by 14
“The main theories summarized here, along with others [e.g., by Wenzel and Beck (37) and Roberts and Lamont (38)] not discussed (see Table 1), have significant heuristic value and have greatly impacted the field of suicidology.”
Background
Examining the Interrelationships Among Suicide Cognitions, Suicidal Ideation, and Theoretically Derived Protective Factors
Oakey‐Frost, N., Cowan, T., Moscardini, E. H., Pardue-Bourgeois, S., Beurs, D. P. D., Cohen, A., Bryan, C. J., & Tucker, R. P. (2022) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2022.2096521 · Cited by 14
“…through a negative relation with affective risk factors (Lin, 2015), suicide cognitions (Bagge, Lamis, Nadorff, & Osman, 2014; Johnson et al., 2011; Wenzel & Beck, 2008), or other known correlates of suicide risk including thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, rumination, and…”
Background
Revised Attentional Fixation on Suicide Experiences Questionnaire and its relationship with suicidal ideation and behavior: A cross‐sectional study
Mandel, A. A., Revzina, O., Jessani, Z., & Brown, G. K. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12904 · Cited by 12
A Preliminary Investigation into the Emotion Self-Confidence Model of Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents
Deeley, S. T., & Love, A. W. (2013) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.776458 · Cited by 12
“Moreover, Wenzel and Beck (2008) have outlined situational appraisals similar to those involved in emotion self-confidence when explaining the emergence of suicidal ideation.”
Background
Autonomy as a Prospective Predictor of Perceived Burdensomeness and Thwarted Belongingness Through Symptoms of Depression
O’Keefe, V. M., Grant, D. M., Tucker, R. P., Lechner, W. V., Mills, A. C., Judah, M. R., & Wingate, L. R. (2015) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222815575702 · Cited by 12
“The cognitive model of suicidal behavior posits that specific predispositional factors, including personality traits, make individuals susceptible for suicide risk (Wenzel & Beck, 2008).”
Background
“I've Been a Long Time Leaving”: The Role of Limited Skill Transferability in Increasing Suicide‐Related Cognitions and Behavior in Veterinarians
Crane, M. F., Phillips, J. K., & Karin, E. (2016) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12279 · Cited by 13
“…the role of perceived defeat and entrapment, which are also associated with suicide-related behavior (i.e., suicide attempts or completed suicide, Wenzel & Beck, 2008) and cognitions (i.e., the experience of cognitions related to the intention to take one’s own life; Gilbert & Allan, 1998;…”
Background
RISK AND PROTECTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SUICIDAL IDEATION IN ADOLESCENTS
Brás, M. S. V., de Jesús, S. N., & Carmo, C. (2016) · Psicologia Saúde & Doenças · doi:10.15309/16psd170203 · Cited by 12
The Predictive Role of Positive Mental Health for Attitudes Towards Suicide and Suicide Prevention: Is the Well-Being of Students of the Helping Professions a Worthwhile Goal for Suicide Prevention?
Stecz, P., Slezáčková, A., Millová, K., & Nowakowska‐Domagała, K. (2019) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00163-1 · Cited by 12
Suicidabilidad y apoyo social percibido en estudiantes universitarios con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles
Otzen, T., Fuentes, N., Wetzel, G., Henríquez, C., Antúnez, Z., & Melnik, T. (2020) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082020000100119 · Cited by 18
Toward objective characterizations of suicide risk: A narrative review of laboratory-based cognitive and behavioral tasks
Lamontagne, S. J., Zabala, P. K., Zarate, C. A., & Ballard, E. D. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105361 · Cited by 12
Longitudinal Associations Between Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Lack of Certainty in Control among Adolescents: Disaggregation of Within-Person and Between-Person Effects
Ye, Y., Li, Y., Wu, X., & Zhou, X. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.03.008 · Cited by 11
Ecological momentary assessments of cognitive dysfunction and passive suicidal ideation among college students
Mandel, A. A., Revzina, O., Hunt, S., & Rogers, M. L. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104602 · Cited by 12
Examining the Impact of Suicide Attempt Function and Perceived Effectiveness in Predicting Reattempt for Emergency Medicine Patients
O’Connor, S. S., Comtois, K. A., Atkins, D. C., & Kerbrat, A. H. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.05.004 · Cited by 11
Understanding Suicidal Ideation in Latino/a Adolescents Living in Puerto Rico
Duarté‐Vélez, Y., Jones, R. N., & Spirito, A. (2017) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2017.1378142 · Cited by 11
“…the cognitive vulnerability model is that a progressive chain of negative patterns of cognitions is a key vulnerability factor that mediates the relationship between socio-environmental factors and suicidality, as suggested by others (Dieserud, Roysamb, Ekeberg, & Kraft, 2001; Wenzel & Beck, 2008).”
Background
Perseveration on suicidal thoughts and images in daily life: An examination of the cognitive model of suicide through a dynamic systems lens
Rogers, M. L., Law, K. C., Lawrence, O. C., & Mandel, A. A. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104524 · Cited by 10
Implicit measures of suicide vulnerability: Investigating suicide-related information-processing biases and a deficit in behavioral impulse control in a high-risk sample and healthy controls
Brüdern, J., Spangenberg, L., Stein, M., Forkmann, T., Schreiber, D., Stengler, K., Gold, H., & Glaesmer, H. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104601 · Cited by 11
Thinking About Suicidal Thinking: Suicide-Related Metacognitions’ Relation to Maladaptive Processing of Suicidal Thoughts
Forkmann, T., Fiorentino, L., Müßeler, S. S., Schüler, J., Heilmann-Stiegler, T., Barke, A., & Teismann, T. (2025) · International Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-025-00239-2 · Cited by 10
“…as the acute suicidal affective disturbance (ASAD; Rogers et al., 2017a; b; Tucker et al., 2016), the suicide crisis syndrome (SCS; Galynker, 2017; Melzer et al., 2024; Yaseen et al., 2019), the cognitive model of suicide (Wenzel & Beck, 2008), and the fluid vulnerability theory (FVT; Rudd, 2006).”
The influence of negative life events on adolescent suicidal ideation: Longitudinal mediating effect of emotional problems
Ling, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., & Huebner, E. S. (2023) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12167 · Cited by 10
Suizidgedanken, Hoffnungslosigkeit und Einsamkeit bei Älteren
Gunzelmann, T., Beutel, M. E., Kliem, S., & Brähler, E. (2016) · Zeitschrift für psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie · doi:10.13109/zptm.2016.62.4.366 · Cited by 10
Attentional bias and the Suicide Status Form: Behavioral perseveration of written responses
Hamedi, A., Colborn, V. A., Bell, M., Chalker, S. A., & Jobes, D. A. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.04.011 · Cited by 12
Structural Model of Suicidal Ideation and Behavior: Mediating Effect of Impulsivity
Tobón, O. E. A., Tabares, Á. S. G., & Orejarena, S. (2021) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765202120210680 · Cited by 10
Confucianism and Gender Ratios of Suicide in the World: A WHO Data-Based Study
Wang, W., Zhang, J., & Thompson, W. L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032188 · Cited by 9
“Under traditional values of male superiority, women were deprived of independent personality or other expressions of executive agency, and were expected to make more sacrifices [38,71] while being less valued than males [72].”
Background
Childhood Maltreatment and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents: Testing a Moderated Mediating Model
Gong, X., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231197747 · Cited by 11
“A possible explanation for this is that adolescents with greater emotion reactivity tend to experience strong emotions more easily (Wenzel & Beck, 2008) and are more likely to enter into recurrent cycles of rumination and negative emotions (Buelens et al., 2019), thus exacerbating depressive mood…”
Background
Machine learning identifies different related factors associated with depression and suicidal ideation in Chinese children and adolescents
Li, Q., Song, K., Feng, T., Zhang, J., & Fang, X. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.006 · Cited by 12
Prevalence and influencing factors of suicidal ideation among doctors and nurses during the surge period of the COVID-19 pandemic in China: a multicenter cross-sectional study
Jing, S., Dai, Z., Liu, X., Liu, X., Zhang, L., Wu, Y., Ren, T., Fu, J., Chen, X., Wang, W., et al. (2024) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcae190 · Cited by 9
Men's Suicidal thoughts and behaviors and conformity to masculine norms: A person-centered, latent profile approach
Eggenberger, L., Spangenberg, L., Genuchi, M. C., & Walther, A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39094 · Cited by 10
Decoding the cry for help: AI's emerging role in suicide risk assessment
Esmaeilzadeh, P. (2025) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00758-w · Cited by 13
“…- tive instability creates a distinctive pattern that machine learning algorithms can potentially detect Cognitive patterns Wenzel and Beck's [ 100] cognitive model of suicidal behavior emphasizes black-and-white thinking, cognitive rigidity, and problem-solving deficits as key cognitive…”
The Narrative Crisis Model of Suicide: A Novel and Empirically Grounded Diathesis-Stress Model of Suicide
Bloch‐Elkouby, S., Yanez, N., Chennapragada, L., Richards, J. A., Cohen, L. J., & GALYNKER, I. I. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41319-4_14-1 · Cited by 9
Cyber victimization and suicidal behavior in high school students: The mediating role of psychological problems and perceived social support
Sarhangi, N., Rostami, M., Abbasirad, R., Fasihi, M., & Ahmadboukani, S. (2023) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22868 · Cited by 13
Vulnerability to Suicide Ideation: Comparative Study between Adolescents with and without Psychosocial Risk
Brás, M. S. V., Elias, P., Cunha, F. F., Martins, C., Nunes, C., & Carmo, C. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11192663 · Cited by 9
“Hopelessness is an individual risk factor referenced in several models [16,17] that makes people interpret current problems as irresolvable [18].”
Background
Does Suicidal Ideation Influence Memory? A Study of the Role of Violent Daydreaming in the Relationship Between Suicidal Ideation and Everyday Memory
Chu, C., Podlogar, M. C., Rogers, M. L., Buchman‐Schmitt, J. M., Negley, J. H., & Joiner, T. E. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515625189 · Cited by 10
“Memory deficits among individuals with symptoms of suicide-related symptoms may impact suicide risk assessment approaches, treatment, and planning (e.g., Wenzel & Beck, 2008).”
Background
Developing Predictive Models to Enhance Clinician Prediction of Suicide Attempts Among Veterans With and Without PTSD
Barnes, S. M., Monteith, L. L., Forster, J. E., Nazem, S., Borges, L. M., Stearns‐Yoder, K. A., & Bahraini, N. H. (2018) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12511 · Cited by 9
Persistence During Childhood Problem-Solving as a Predictor of Active Suicidal Ideation During Adolescence
Sarkisian, K. L., Hulle, C. V., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00726-4 · Cited by 9

Authors: Wenzel, A., & Beck, A. T.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Wenzel, Amy
ORCID: Beck, Aaron T.
Venue: Applied and Preventive Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-10
Volume: 12
Issue: 4
Pages: 189-201
ISSN: 0962-1849 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.appsy.2008.05.001
OpenAlex: W2069437972
Cited by: 491
References: 145
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 3.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Applied and Preventive Psychology (publishedVersion)
Funders: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords: suicidal behavior, cognitive models, suicide risk factors, cognitive therapy, suicide prevention, suicide treatment

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