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Cited by 2Cardiac Arrest and ResuscitationSimulation-Based Education in HealthcareInnovations in Medical Education

Aprendizaje combinado frente a realidad virtual y métodos tradicionales en la formación en reanimación cardiopulmonar: un ensayo aleatorizado en estudiantes universitarios

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Ocampo Cervantes, Ana Belén, Greif, Robert, Castro Delgado, Rafael, López López, Carmen Amalia, Carrión García, Eduardo, Pardo Ríos, Manuel·2026·Atención Primaria
DOI 10.1016/j.aprim.2025.103413PMC PMC12811162
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is the leading cause of sudden death. Basic Life Support (BLS) training is an essential competency in Nursing. Active learning methodologies such as blended learning may improve educational outcomes. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial with four parallel groups (n=160). PARTICIPANTS: was conducted among first-year undergraduate nursing students. Site: At a university in the Region of Murcia, Spain. INTERVENTIONS: Four methodologies were compared: traditional training, virtual reality (VR), blended learning, and a control group with no intervention. Practical competence was assessed using an 8-item checklist covering key steps in the chain of survival. Technical parameters were measured using Laerdal QCPR® manikins, including percentage of high-quality CPR, compression depth, rate, and full chest recoil. ANOVA, chi-square tests, and correlation models were applied (p<0.05). RESULTS: Practical competence differed significantly between groups (p<0.001). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The blended and traditional groups achieved the highest scores (6.6±1.7 and 6.6±1.5, respectively), followed by the VR group (6.3±1.5) and the control group (3.1±1.5). Mean CPR quality also differed significantly (p=0.0045), with the blended group showing the highest percentage (72.3%), followed by traditional (65.4%), VR (63.4%), and control (46.9%). Regarding compression depth (p=0.0011), the blended and VR groups achieved similar results (6.1cm), outperforming the traditional (5.5cm) and control (4.8cm) groups. Perceived usability of the VR system was high (78/100). CONCLUSIONS: Blended learning showed overall better performance in most variables analyzed, with higher CPR quality and equal or superior results in practical competence and compression depth compared to the traditional and immersive models. These findings support its effectiveness as a teaching strategy for acquiring BLS competencies.

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Authors
Ocampo Cervantes, A. B., Greif, R., Castro Delgado, R., López López, C. A., Carrión García, E., & Pardo Ríos, M.
Affiliations
University of Bern (CH)
ORCID
Venue
Atención Primaria
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2026-02
Volume
58
Issue
2
Pages
103413
ISSN
0212-6567 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.aprim.2025.103413
PMC
PMC12811162
OpenAlex
W7118185856
Cited by
2
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 2
FWCI
13.43
Type
journal article
Language
es
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Atención Primaria (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
Gobierno de Espana Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Innovations in Medical Education
Keywords
CPR training, basic life support, virtual reality, blended learning, nursing education, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, CPR quality, compression depth, chain of survival, practical skills, undergraduate nursing students
MeSH terms
Virtual Reality, Adult, Education, Nursing, Female, Humans, Male, Students, Nursing, Universities, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Young Adult

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