The effect of high pH on ion balance, nitrogen excretion and behaviour in freshwater fish from an eutrophic lake: A laboratory and field study

Scott, Dawn M.; Lucas, Martyn C.; Wilson, Rod W.

doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.12.013

Cited by 81Environmental Toxicology and EcotoxicologyPhysiological and biochemical adaptationsFish Ecology and Management Studies

The effect of high pH on ion balance, nitrogen excretion and behaviour in freshwater fish from an eutrophic lake: A laboratory and field study

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Scott, Dawn M., Lucas, Martyn C., Wilson, Rod W.·2005·Aquatic Toxicology

DOI 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.12.013

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Abstract

Slapton Ley is a freshwater hyper-eutrophic lake of two basins connected by a narrow channel. One part of the lake experiences summer blooms of cyanobacteria and poor water quality, including elevated water pH (maximum pH recorded=10.54), the other part is shaded by reed beds, and remains clear and neutral. This study used laboratory and field physiological measurements together with radio-tracking to investigate the potential impacts of alkaline pH on the physiology and behaviour of fish from Slapton Ley. Exposure of perch (Perca fluviatilis) from Slapton Ley to pH 9.50 water in the laboratory caused an immediate inhibition of sodium uptake and ammonia excretion to 34 and 32% of control levels, respectively. Net sodium balance recovered by day 3 of exposure whereas ammonia excretion only partially recovered to 60-70% of the control value from 8 h onwards. Urea excretion did not increase as a result of high pH exposure. Fish from the alkaline part of the lake (pH 9.90) had almost three-fold greater plasma ammonia compared to fish from neutral waters, indicating a pronounced disruption of ammonia excretion in the field. There was no significant disturbance to plasma sodium, chloride or total protein in fish sampled from the alkaline water of Slapton Ley. The radio-tracking provided no evidence of adult perch and pike (Esox lucius) trying to seek refuge from the alkaline conditions, despite having access to adjacent parts of the lake with neutral pH. It seems likely that there are advantages (e.g. better foraging, less predation) of withstanding the high pH conditions that outweigh the benefit of moving into more pH neutral parts of the lake.

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Rapid increases in pH can disrupt ion regulation, alter membrane permeability, and impair neuromuscular coordination in freshwater organisms.
“Rapid increases in pH can disrupt ion regulation, alter membrane permeability, and impair neuromuscular coordination in freshwater organisms [85].”
From Wildfire Ash Alters Freshwater Crustacean Behavior: Disentangling the Contributions of Suspended Macroparticles and Ash‐Induced Alkalinization (2026) · cites this paper as [85]

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Background
Nitrogenous and phosphorus excretions in juvenile silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to different water hardness, humic acid, and pH levels
Golombieski, J. I., Koakoski, G., Becker, A. J., Almeida, A. P. G., Toni, C., Finamor, I., Pavanato, M. A., de Almeida, T. M., & Baldisserotto, B. (2012) · Fish Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10695-012-9744-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“5 also decreased ammonia excretion and did not increase urea excretion (Scott et al. 2005).”
Background
Interactive effects of water pH and hardness levels on the growth and reproduction of Heterocypris incongruens (Crustacea: Ostracoda)
Kim, Y., Mo, H., Son, J., Lee, Y., Lee, S., & Cho, K. (2015) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-015-2199-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Abundant literature has reported that negative effects, such as high mortality rates, growth inhibition, and homeostasis disruption, occur at higher than optimal pH levels (up to pH 7) in aquatic organisms (Stephenson & Mackie, 1986; Scott et al., 2005).”
Background
Assessment of physicochemical parameters in relation with fish ecology in Ishasha River and Lake Edward, Albertine Rift Valley, East Africa
Mbalassa, M., Bagalwa, J. J. M., Nshombo, M., & Kateyo, E. M. (2014) · International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A new mechanism of macrophyte mitigation: How submerged plants reduce malathion’s acute toxicity to aquatic animals
Brogan, W. R., & Relyea, R. A. (2014) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.041 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Long-term effects of water pH changes on hematological parameters in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Ghanbari, M. (2012) · AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY · doi:10.5897/ajb10.1244 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Water quality and health risk assessment of the water bodies in the Yamdrok-tso basin, southern Tibetan Plateau
Wang, C., Zhou, H., Kuang, X., Hao, Y., Shan, J., Chen, J., Li, L., Feng, Y., Zou, Y., & Zheng, Y. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113740 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Impact of shifting abiotic factors in aquaculture on fish breeding and reproduction: a review
Bhat, I. A., Rather, M. A., Ahmad, I., Hussna, Nazir, M. I., & Hussna (2025) · Blue Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s44315-025-00027-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Problems in physiology particularly the growth of species [147] and ion regulation disturbance are the common problems associated with the deviation in pH [29].”
Sublethal effects of aged oil sands–affected water on white sucker (Catostomus commersonii)
Arens, C. J., Hogan, N., Kavanagh, R., Mercer, A., Kraak, G. J. V. D., & van den Heuvel, M. R. (2014) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.2845 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“5, pH is known to affect fish survival as ion exchange and nitrogen excretion are inhibited [50], and external surfaces are degraded including the skin, gills, and nares [51].”
Background
Potential Impacts of Climate Interventions on Marine Ecosystems
Roberts, K. D., Rohr, T. W., Raven, M. R., Diamond, M., Visioni, D., Kravitz, B., Heneghan, R., Petrik, C. M., Bianchi, D., Ortega‐Cisneros, K., et al. (2026) · Reviews of Geophysics · doi:10.1029/2024rg000876 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Impacts of ash-induced environmental alkalinization on fish physiology, and their implications to wildfire-scarred watersheds
Kwan, G. T., Sanders, T. B., Huang, S., Kilaghbian, K., Sam, C., Wang, J., Weihrauch, K., Wilson, R. W., & Fangue, N. A. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176040 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
KETAHANAN IKAN TAMBAKAN (Helostoma temminkii) TERHADAP BEBERAPA PARAMETER KUALITAS AIR DALAM LINGKUNGAN BUDIDAYA
Arifin, O. Z., Prakoso, V. A., & Pantjara, B. (2018) · Jurnal Riset Akuakultur · doi:10.15578/jra.12.3.2017.241-251 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Calcium peroxide (CaO2) granules enclosed in fabrics as an alternative H2O2 delivery system to combat Microcystis sp.
Keliri, E., Adamou, P., Efstathiou, N., Kokkinidou, D., Kapnisis, K. K., Anayiotos, A. S., Mazur‐Marzec, H., & Antoniou, M. G. (2022) · Chemical Engineering Journal Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100318 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Water pH and Prochilodus lineatus larvae survival
Zaniboni‐Filho, E., Nuñer, A. P. D. O., Reynalte‐Tataje, D. A., & Serafini, R. L. (2008) · Fish Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10695-008-9235-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Also, extreme pH values are very toxic, particularly to ionic regulation ( Scott et al. 2005 ).”
Background
Hypoxic refuges, predator–prey interactions and habitat selection by fishes
Hedges, K. J., & Abrahams, M. V. (2015) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.12585 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Metabolic and NH4 excretion rate of fresh water species, Chondrostoma regium in response to environmental stressors, different scenarios for temperature and pH
Mohammadi, M., Mahboobi‐Soofiani, N., Farhadian, O., & Malekpouri, P. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.131 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Water pH effects on survival, reproductive performances, and ultrastructure of gonads, gills, and skins of the Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus)
SALLEH, A. F. M., Azmai, M. N. A., Nasruddin, N. S., Zulkifli, S. Z., Mohamat-Yusuff, F., Ibrahim, W. N. W., & Ismail, A. S. (2017) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES · doi:10.3906/vet-1701-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Husbandry of aquatic animals in closed aquaculture systems
Romano, N., & Sinha, A. K. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813359-0.00002-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Exploring ontogenic development and larval rearing of striped murrel (Channa striatus)
Kalaiselvan, P., Ranjan, A., Nazir, M. I., & Suresh, E. (2024) · Aquaculture International · doi:10.1007/s10499-024-01635-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Extreme pH values (both acidic and basic) are highly toxic, impairing ionic regulation and negatively affecting the fish growth, especially during the larval stages (Scott et al. 2005; Zweig et al. 1999).”
Tolerance of Channel Catfish Fry to Abrupt pH Changes
Mischke, C. C., & Wise, D. J. (2008) · North American Journal of Aquaculture · doi:10.1577/a07-047.1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Exposure of fish to water with an elevated pH inhibits sodium uptake and ammonia excretion ( Scott et al. 2005 ).”
Background
Assessment of Probable Causes of Reduced Aquatic Life in the Touchet River, Washington, USA
Wiseman, C. D., Lemoine, M., & Cormier, S. M. (2010) · Human and Ecological Risk Assessment An International Journal · doi:10.1080/10807030903459429 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“At several locations, the water pH was alkaline (Laurent et al. 2000; Scott et al. 2005).”
Background
Three species of fishes from an eutrophic, seasonally alkaline lake are not more tolerant to acute exposure to high pH in the laboratory
Scott, D. M., & Wilson, R. W. (2007) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01329.x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fish health changes in Lake Okaro, New Zealand: effects of nutrient remediation, season or eutrophication?
Landman, M. J., & Ling, N. (2010) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-010-0315-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“1996). Scott et al. (2005) found no ion imbalance in perch from a hypereutrophic lake despite evidence of initial ionoregulatory disruption following high pH exposure in the laboratory.”
Background
Lake and Reservoir Management
Bhatti, Z. (2006) · Water Environment Research · doi:10.2175/106143006x119459 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Scott et al. (2005) used laboratory and field physiological measurements together with radio-tracking to investigate the potential impacts of alkaline pH on the physiology and behaviour of fish and it was postulated that there were advantages for the fish of withstanding the high pH conditions that…”
Method
Effects of Episodic Exposure to High-pH Water on Survival of Atlantic Salmon Eggs and Juveniles: Results from Laboratory and Field Studies
Foldvik, A., Holthe, E., Bremset, G., & Solem, Ø. (2022) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5282 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Exposure to high pH can have direct effects on fish by causing corrosive damage to tissue and gills (Daye & Garside, 1976) and/or by disrupting sodium balance and inhibiting ammonia excretion (Scott et al., 2005; Scott & Wilson, 2007).”
Background
The impact of climate change on the flux and fate of metals in freshwater systems: Implications for metal exposure across different scales
Khan, F. R., Bury, N. R., Cooper, C. A., Boyle, D., Middleton, E. T., & Herzog, S. D. (2025) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2025.123057 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…in weathering due to alterations in precipitation patterns will likely increase the input of alkaline material. pH may also fluctuate widely during increased eutrophication, for example a pH of 10.54 was measured in Slapton Lea, UK during a blue-green algal bloom (D. M. , Scott et al., 2005).”
Influential
Eutrophication and freshwater fisheries
Winfield, I. J. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118394380.ch54 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Turbidity effects on prey consumption and survival of larval European smelt (Osmerus eperlanus)
Illing, B., Sehl, J., & Reiser, S. (2024) · Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00027-024-01103-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“S2B) and physiologically affect fishes through changes in acid-base regulation and an inhibition of sodium uptake and ammonia excretion (Scott et al. 2005).”
Background
Preferred pH of silver catfish Rhamdia quelen acclimated to different pH levels
Riffel, A. P. K., Jardim, S. S., Pires, M. C., Bertagnolli, B., Corrêa, B. R. S., Ré, F. C. D., Zambra, F. M. B., Lubini, G., Garcia, L. D. O., & Baldisserotto, B. (2012) · Ciência Rural · doi:10.1590/s0103-84782012000500012 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Although there are many studies investigating the behavior of fish in relation to environmental factors and water quality, studies relating effects of water pH and behavior are scarce (JONES et al., 1985; IKUTA et al., 2003; SCOTT et al., 2005) and nonexistent in Brazilian native species.”
Background
Influence of Osmolality and Acidity on Fertilized Eggs and Larvae of Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Kim, K.-H., Moon, H.-N., Noh, Y.-H., & Yeo, I. (2020) · Development & Reproduction · doi:10.12717/dr.2020.24.1.19 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Numerous studies have investigated fish behavior in relation to a wide variety of environmental factors, but information on the effects of pH on fish behavior is sparse (Scott et al., 2005).”
Background
Un-ionized ammonia detection system for water quality monitoring
Chung, Y. M., Halim, Z. A., & Raffay, R. (2012) · IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Applied Electromagnetics (APACE) · doi:10.1109/apace.2012.6457675 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Removal of dissolved inorganic carbon from seawater for climate mitigation: potential marine ecosystem impacts
Hooper, G. E., Findlay, H. S., Bell, T. G., Wilson, R. W., & Halloran, P. R. (2025) · Frontiers in Climate · doi:10.3389/fclim.2025.1528951 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Carbonic anhydrase in elasmobranchs and current climate change scenario implications
Giareta, E. P., Hauser‐Davis, R. A., Abilhôa, V., & Wosnick, N. (2023) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111435 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effects of Abrupt pH Increases on Survival of Different Ages of Young Channel Catfish and Hybrid Catfish
Mischke, C. C., & Chatakondi, N. G. (2012) · North American Journal of Aquaculture · doi:10.1080/15222055.2012.678565 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“High pH inhibits sodium uptake and ammonia excretion of fish (Scott et al. 2005).”
Background
Exposure to alkaline water reduces thermal tolerance, but not thermal plasticity, in brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) collected from an alkaline lake
Zimmer, A. M., Woods, O., Glover, C. N., & Goss, G. G. (2024) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-024-05481-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…in an inhibition of ammonia excretion and a consequent accumulation of ammonia in the blood and tissues (Wright & Wood, 1985; Wilkie & Wood, 1994; Wilkie et al., 1994; McGeer & Eddy, 1998; Wilson et al., 1998; Chew et al., 2003; Scott et al., 2005; Kumai et al., 2015; Thompson et al., 2016).”
Effects of anthropogenic activities on water quality, and phosphate and nitrates in the sediment of River Ogun at Ijaye, Isabo and Oke-sokori, Ogun State
Adeosun, F. I. (2019) · International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences · doi:10.4314/ijbcs.v13i3.4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Scott et al. (2005) reported a pronounced disruption of ammonia excretion in perch (Perca fluviatilis) exposed to pH 9.90.”
BackgroundInfluential
Temporal and Vertical Relations between Various Environmental Factors in the Largest Lake of Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District (Eastern Poland)
Ferencz, B., Toporowska, M., & Dawidek, J. (2019) · Water · doi:10.3390/w11061263 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Stress response of Asian redtail catfish (Hemibagrus nemurus) fingerlings subjected to various pH exposure
Prakoso, V. A., Sinansari, S., Priadi, B., Sundari, S., & Kristanto, A. H. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/493/1/012010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The short-term stress response of three-spined sticklebacks to climate-related stressors: a mesocosm study
Pottinger, T. G., & Feuchtmayr, H. (2020) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-020-04393-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Screening and analysis of water quality of Zea River in Kurdistan region, Iraq
Hassan, N. E., & Ali, S. A. M. (2016) · International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES · doi:10.21833/ijaas.2016.08.011 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Other studies have determined that fish move away from alkaline waters when pH levels approach 9.06-10.0, unless more important survival factors outweigh avoidance, including food availability or lower predation levels (Serafy and Harrel, 1993; Scott et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Productivity of Using Current Generating Circular Tanks for Tilapia Fingerling (Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)) Production
Suryadi, I. B. B., Fadylah, M. I., & Yustiati, A. (2019) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.19163369 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The influence of water temperature and the pH on controlled spawning and the hatchability of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758), in the conditions of the Republic of Iraq
Al-Mamoori, L. M. M., Lagutkina, L., Martyanov, A. S., & Ali, A.-H. H. (2025) · BIO Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/bioconf/202516002015 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Observations of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) post-larvae growth performances reared in an illuminated floating cage in Varese lake (N-W Italy) over a two years period
Ceccuzzi, P., Terova, G., Brambilla, F., Antonini, M., & Saroglia, M. G. (2010) · Italian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4081/ijas.2010.e14 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…the long-term effects of expo- [Ital J Anim Sci vol.9:e14, 2010] [page 69] [page 70] [Ital J Anim Sci vol.9:e14, 2010] sure of perch to high pH. Scott et al. (2005) observed that perch in Slapton Ley (hypertrophic basin) is able to withstand such high pH values, including values up to 10.54.”
BackgroundInfluential
Preference behavior of silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen, juveniles in waters with pH gradients: laboratory experiments
Golombieski, J. I., Becker, A. J., Almeida, C. B., Almeida, A. P. G., & Baldisserotto, B. (2013) · Neotropical Ichthyology · doi:10.1590/s1679-62252013000300019 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Correlations between fish abundance and physicochemical parameters in Humboldt Bay, California
Lomeli, K. C. (2011) · CSUN ScholarWorks (California State University, Northridge) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cynodon dactylon methanol extract potentiates stress mitigation in response to acidic stress in Labeo calbasu fingerlings
Chanu, T. I., Roy, S. D., Chadha, N. K., DUBE, K., Sharma, A., CHAUDHURI, A. K., & Singh, S. K. (2019) · The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.56093/ijans.v89i7.92069 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Intraspecific differences in tolerance to elevated pH and alkalinity in brook stickleback ( Culaea inconstans ) inhabiting neutral and alkaline lakes
Zimmer, A. M., Bernard, C., Giacomin, M., Dion‐Côté, A., Goss, G. G., & Glover, C. N. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.251351 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Broadening our understanding of these processes might have important implications for predicting the effects of transient alkalinization events such as eutrophication (Scott et al., 2005) and ash deposition from wildfires (Kwan et al., 2024).”
Influential
Notice of Retraction: Effects of Ammonium Nitrogen on the Growth of Ceratophyllum demersum
Gao, J., Chen, N., Huang, W., Li, M., Xiong, Z., & Zhang, R. Q. (2011) · International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/icbbe.2011.5780811 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“The un-ionized form is more toxic due to the fact that it is uncharged and lipid soluble and thus traverses biological membranes more readily than the charged and hydrated NH ions([4-5]).”
Background
Retracted
Effects of Salinity and pH on the Expression of Sexually Selected Traits in the male Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Arafat, S. T. (2023) · Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries · doi:10.21608/ejabf.2023.293168 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Impact of replacement materials and geometry on pH due to leaching in fresh concrete
Law, D. W., & Evans, J. (2019) · Australian Journal of Civil Engineering · doi:10.1080/14488353.2019.1664209 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“While research has shown that most fish can survive in an alkalinity up to pH 9 (Scott and Sloman 2004; Scott, Lucas, and Wilson 2005), when water becomes highly alkali it can become toxic to fish.”
Background
Wildfire Ash Alters Freshwater Crustacean Behavior: Disentangling the Contributions of Suspended Macroparticles and Ash‐Induced Alkalinization
Pereira‐Silva, P. B., Pacheco, D. R., Kirsch, G., Araujo, R. M. G., Oscar, B. V. C., Matias, W. G., Santos, S., & Figueiredo, B. R. S. (2026) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.70178
Ana Paula Konzen Riffel I Sinara Jardim I Marcela Ciprandi Pires I Bruna Bertagnolli I Bruna Renata Silva Corrêa I Francine Cenzi de Ré I Francis Maria Bao Zambra I Greice Lubini I
Garcia, L. D. O., & Baldisserotto, B. (2012)
Physiological and Behavioral Responses of Age-0 Muskellunge during Simulated Stocking in Elevated pH Water
Kramer, R. J., Suski, C. D., Porreca, A. P., & Parkos, J. J. (2022) · North American Journal of Fisheries Management · doi:10.1002/nafm.10752
Comprehensive Husbandry Guide for Corydoras Catfish and Many Other Amazonian SpeciesPreprint
Chiang, A., Haine, S. S. S., Goldring, R., Jungwirth, A., Siddiqui, M., Wilkinson, G. S., Manica, A., & Riley, R. J. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4684167
Intraspecific differences in alkaline tolerance in brook stickleback ( Culaea inconstans ) inhabiting neutral and alkaline lakesPreprint
Zimmer, A. M., Bernard, C., Giacomin, M., Dion‐Côté, A., Goss, G. G., & Glover, C. N. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.30.626187
Connecting the alkaline ‘sink’ to the atmospheric carbon ‘source’ in eutrophic water treatment
Zhang, Y., Liu, B., Liu, L., & Seyler, B. C. (2025) · Journal of Water and Climate Change · doi:10.2166/wcc.2025.476
Current Status of Fish Species Diversity and Relative Abundance of Beko and Gacheb Rivers, Southwest Ethiopia: Implication for Fishery Opportunity
Fisseha, T., Asfaw, A., & Zeleke, A. (2025) · Ecology and Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.11648/j.eeb.20251001.12
“These factors are responsible for distribution of organisms in different fresh water habitats according to their adaptations, which allow them to survive in a specific habitat [21, 23].”
Coastal Wetland Management and Restoration: Importance of Abiotic Factors and Vegetation for Healthy Fish Communities in the Laurentian Great Lakes
Moore, D. J., & Mandrak, N. E. (2025) · Water · doi:10.3390/w17162470
One and done? Managing a cyanobacterial bloom in a shallow seepage lake in the North Carolina Coastal Plain
Lauritsen, D. D. (2025) · Lake and Reservoir Management · doi:10.1080/10402381.2025.2532463
“…fish kills in White Lake, particularly as yellow perch are at the southernmost portion of their range); (2) rapid increase in pH (Evans et al. 2005, Scott et al. 2005, Zahangir et al. 2015); (3) spawning season, making fish more susceptible to stress (Rice JA, North Carolina State Univ. fisheries…”
Field Scale Test Bed for Assessment of the Surface Runoff and Water Quality Performance of Permeable Pavements
Brasil, J. A. T., Papagiannakis, A. T., Johnson, D. W., Gomes, M. N., Jr., & Giacomoni, M. H. (2026) · Journal of Hydrologic Engineering · doi:10.1061/jhyeff.heeng-6602
Deciphering fish density thresholds under the Yangtze fishing ban: An interpretable hydroacoustic-machine learning framework for adaptive reservoir management.
Meng, Z.-H., Chen, K., Hu, F.-F., Xiang, M., Fu, X.-J., Xu, J.-G., & Li, X.-M. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.130969

Three species of fishes from an eutrophic, seasonally alkaline lake are not more tolerant to acute exposure to high pH in the laboratory
Scott, D. M., & Wilson, R. W. (2007) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01329.x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
SODIUM UPTAKE KINETICS AND RESPONSES TO HIGH pH IN FISH INHABITING A SEASONALLY ALKALINE LAKE
(2015)
Responses of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., from an acidic and a neutral lake to acidic later
Rask, M., & Virtanen, E. (1986) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/bf00303316 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Physiological Adaptations of the Lahontan Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) following Transfer from Well Water to the Highly Alkaline Waters of Pyramid Lake, Nevada (pH 9.4)
Wilkie, M. P., Wright, P. A., Iwama, G. K., & Wood, C. M. (1994) · Physiological Zoology · doi:10.1086/physzool.67.2.30163853 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Responses of Perch, Perca Fluviatilis L., from an Acidic and a Neutral Lake to Acidic Water
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Authors: Scott, D. M., Lucas, M. C., & Wilson, R. W.
Affiliations: University of Exeter (GB)
Durham University (GB)
Corresponding author: Scott, Dawn M.
ORCID: Scott, Dawn M.
Lucas, Martyn C.
Wilson, Rod W.
Venue: Aquatic Toxicology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2005-06
Volume: 73
Issue: 1
Pages: 31-43
ISSN: 0166-445X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.12.013
OpenAlex: W2016136918
Cited by: 81
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 1.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
durham-repository.worktribe.com
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Aquatic Toxicology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Physiological and biochemical adaptations
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Fish Ecology and Management Studies
Keywords: high pH, alkaline water, freshwater fish, Perca fluviatilis, Esox lucius, ammonia excretion, sodium balance, ion homeostasis, urea excretion, blood ammonia, fish behavior, radio telemetry, eutrophic lakes, cyanobacterial blooms, pike
MeSH terms: Acid-Base Equilibrium, Animals, Behavior, Animal, England, Eutrophication, Fresh Water, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Nitrogen, Perches, Telemetry

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The effect of high pH on ion balance, nitrogen excretion and behaviour in freshwater fish from an eutrophic lake: A laboratory and field study

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