The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Implementation of ALARA radiation protection on the ISS through polyethylene shielding augmentation of the Service Module Crew Quarters
Abstract
With 5-7 month long duration missions at 51.6 degrees inclination in Low Earth Orbit, the ionizing radiation levels to which International Space Station (ISS) crewmembers are exposed will be the highest planned occupational exposures in the world. Even with the expectation that regulatory dose limits will not be exceeded during a single tour of duty aboard the ISS, the "as low as reasonably achievable" (ALARA) precept requires that radiological risks be minimized when possible through a dose optimization process. Judicious placement of efficient shielding materials in locations where crewmembers sleep, rest, or work is an important means for implementing ALARA for spaceflight. Polyethylene (CnHn) is a relatively inexpensive, stable, and, with a low atomic number, an effective shielding material that has been certified for use aboard the ISS. Several designs for placement of slabs or walls of polyethylene have been evaluated for radiation exposure reduction in the Crew Quarters (CQ) of the Zvezda (Star) Service Module. Optimization of shield designs relies on accurate characterization of the expected primary and secondary particle environment and modeling of the predicted radiobiological responses of critical organs and tissues. Results of the studies shown herein indicate that 20% or more reduction in equivalent dose to the CQ occupant is achievable. These results suggest that shielding design and risk analysis are necessary measures for reducing long-term radiological risks to ISS inhabitants and for meeting legal ALARA requirements. Verification of shield concepts requires results from specific designs to be compared with onboard dosimetry.
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In the citing paper
“Therefore, while the use of shielding materials such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been extensively explored as environmental radiation protection in space (8–11), StemRad and Lockheed Martin worked to create a low-mass emergency countermeasure solution in the form of a personal radiation shielding garment, termed the “AstroRad vest,” intended to be worn by astronauts during SPEs in deep”
From First evaluation of wearable radiation protection for human deep space exploration, as flown on Artemis I (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Shavers et al. determined that the doses received by astronauts during extended ISS missions were typically greater than 70 mSv [31].”
From Space Radiation: The number one risk to astronaut health beyond low earth orbit (2014) · cites this paper as [31]
Citations
Cites
Radiation protection guidance for activities in low-earth orbit
Townsend, L. W., & Fry, R. J. (2002) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/s0273-1177(02)00160-6 · Cited by 295
HZETRN: Description of a Free-Space Ion and Nucleon Transport and Shielding Computer Program
John, W., Francis, F. B., Francis, A. C., Judy, L. S., Gautam, D., Silberberg, R., Tsao, C. H., Lawrence, W. T., & Ram, K. T. (1995) · STIN · Cited by 227
Chromosome aberrations in the blood lymphocytes of astronauts after space flight
George, K., Durante, M., Wu, H., Willingham, V., Badhwar, G., & Cucinotta, F. A. (2001) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/0033-7587(2001)156[0731:caitbl]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 119
BRYNTRN: A baryon transport model
Wilson, J. W., Townsend, L. W., Nealy, J. E., Chun, S. Y., Hong, B., Buck, W. W., Lamkin, S. L., Ganapol, B. D., Khan, F., & Cucinotta, F. A. (1989) · University of Michigan Library Repository · Cited by 117
Miller, J., Zeitlin, C. J., Cucinotta, F. A., Heilbronn, L., Stephens, D. L., & Wilson, J. W. (2003) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/0033-7587(2003)159[0381:bsoteo]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 80
Operational Radiation Safety Program for Astronauts in Low-Earth Orbit:A Basic Framework
Thomas, R. H. (2003) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/00004032-200401000-00019 · Cited by 72
Cucinotta, F. A., Badhwar, G. D., Saganti, P. B., Schimmerling, W., Wilson, J. W., Peterson, L. E., & Dicello, J. F. (2002) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.27982.05445 · Cited by 56
Badhwar, G. D., & Cucinotta, F. A. (2000) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/0033-7587(2000)153[0001:acoddo]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 54
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Space Radiation: The number one risk to astronaut health beyond low earth orbit
Chancellor, J., Scott, G., & Sutton, J. (2014) · Life · doi:10.3390/life4030491 · Cited by 455
“during extended ISS missions were typically greater than 70 mSv [31].”
BackgroundSpace radiation protection: Destination Mars
Durante, M. (2014) · Life Sciences in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2014.01.002 · Cited by 202
Limitations in predicting the space radiation health risk for exploration astronauts
Chancellor, J. C., Blue, R. S., Cengel, K. A., Auñón-Chancellor, S. M., Rubins, K. H., Katzgraber, H. G., & Kennedy, A. R. (2018) · npj Microgravity · doi:10.1038/s41526-018-0043-2 · Cited by 183
Limitations in predicting the space radiation health risk for exploration astronauts
Chancellor, J. C., Blue, R. S., Cengel, K. A., Auñón-Chancellor, S. M., Rubins, K., Katzgraber, H. G., & Kennedy, A. R. (2018) · Civil War Book Review · Cited by 174
Polyethylene as a radiation shielding standard in simulated cosmic-ray environments
Guetersloh, S., Zeitlin, C., Heilbronn, L., Miller, J., Komiyama, T., Fukumura, A., Iwata, Y., Murakami, T., & Bhattacharya, M. (2006) · Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms · doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2006.08.019 · Cited by 127
“have been added to the crew sleeping quarters on the International Space Station to provide radiation protection [6, 7].”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Shavers, M. R., Zapp, N., Barber, R. E., Wilson, J. W., Qualls, G., Toupes, L., Ramsey, S., Vinci, V., Smith, G., & Cucinotta, F. A.
- Affiliations
- Wyle (United States) (US)
- Lockheed Martin (United States) (US)
- Langley Research Center (US)
- Johnson Space Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shavers, M.R.
- Venue
- Advances in Space Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1333-1337
- ISSN
- 0273-1177 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2044975289
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in Space Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Radiation › Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Radiation Shielding Materials Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiation Dose and Imaging
- Keywords
- ALARA principle, radiation shielding, polyethylene shielding, International Space Station, crew radiation exposure, low Earth orbit, dose optimization, shielding design, long-duration spaceflight
- MeSH terms
- Cosmic Radiation, Extraterrestrial Environment, Facility Design and Construction, Humans, Radiation Dosage, Radiation Protection, Risk, Space Flight, United States, Astronauts, Spacecraft, United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Polyethylene
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