Cited by 37Wildlife Ecology and ConservationAnimal Ecology and Behavior StudiesRangeland and Wildlife Management

Elephants facilitate impact of large predators on small ungulate prey species

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Tambling, Craig J., Minnie, Liaan, Adendorff, John, Kerley, Graham I.H.·2013·Basic and Applied Ecology

Abstract

Predators and megaherbivores have profound impacts on ecosystem structure and functioning. Following the reintroduction of apex predators (lion and spotted hyaena) into the Main Camp Section (Main Camp) of the Addo Elephant National Park (Addo – Eastern Cape, South Africa) populations of small (5–50 kg) prey species declined. Following the recent reintroduction of apex predators into the neighbouring Colchester Section, a similar decline in small prey species might have occurred. However, we predict that the dense nature of Thicket vegetation in Colchester has provided the small prey species a refuge from predation from the reintroduced apex predators. Using camera trap data collected over three years following the apex predator reintroduction into Colchester, we show that declines in small ungulate prey species have not taken place. The primary difference between these two sections at the time of the apex predator reintroduction was the state of the Thicket (dense vegetation type characteristic of both sections). Main Camp is characterized by fragmented Thicket that has been altered as a result of high elephant densities, whereas Colchester has intact Thicket following a long history of elephant absence. The fragmented Thicket in Main Camp allowed access to the Thicket habitats (as indicated by GPS collar data on lions), in which these small prey species reside, potentially increasing the predation on these species in Main Camp. The intact Thicket in Colchester, however, may provide a refuge away from the apex predators (and possibly meso-predators) for the small prey species. We suggest that the impact of predators on this prey community is conditional on the long history of ecosystem transformation by ecosystem engineers such as elephants. Prädatoren und Megaherbivore haben tiefgreifenden Einfluss auf Struktur und Funktion von Ökosystemen. Nach der Wieder-einführung von Gipfelräubern (Löwen und Tüpfelhyänen) in die Main-Camp-Sektion des Addo-Elefanten-Nationalparks (Addo - Provinz Ostkap, Südafrika) nahmen die Populationen von kleinen (5–50 kg) Beutearten ab. Nach der kürzlichen Wiedereinführung der Gipfelräuber in die benachbarte Colchester-Sektion hätte eine ähnliche Abnahme der kleinen Beutearten eintreten können. Stattdessen sagten wir voraus, dass die dichte Beschaffenheit des Dickichts in Colchester den kleinen Beutearten ein Refugium vor der Verfolgung durch Gipfelräuber bietet. Wir nutzten Photofallen-Daten aus drei Jahren nach Wiedereinführung der Gipfelräuber in Colchester und zeigen, dass keine Abnahme der kleinen Beutehuftiere eintrat. Der hervorstechende Unterschied zwischen den beiden Sektionen ist die Beschaffenheit des Dickichts (ein dichter Vegetationstyp, der typisch für beide Sektionen ist). In Main Camp ist das Dickicht fragmentiert als Ergebnis hoher Elefantendichten, während das Dickicht von Colchester als Folge langjähriger Abwesenheit von Elefanten intakt ist. Das fragmentierte Dickicht von Main Camp erlaubte das Eindringen in das Dickicht (ablesbar an GPS-Daten für Löwen), so dass der Prädationsdruck auf die kleinen Beutearten möglicherweise stieg. Dagegen, könnte das intakte Dickicht von Colchester einen Schutz vor Gipfelräubern (und möglicherweise Räubern mittlerer Größe) bieten. Unserer Ansicht nach hängt der Einfluss der Prädatoren auf diese Beutegemeinschaft entscheidend von der langjährigen Umgestaltung des Lebensraums durch Elefanten als Ökosystemingenieure ab.

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  • Very dense thicket areas in Addo are unsuitable for lion hunting because lions would struggle to move through or locate prey there.

    “The thicket vegetation in Addo can form virtually impenetrable stands, especially in the absence of elephants [42], and lions would struggle to move through the vegetation or locate prey within such areas, rendering them unsuitable for hunting, and possibly providing refuge for some prey species [45].”
  • Elephants are decreasing vegetation density and structural diversity locally, with direct effects on predation patterns.

    “Elephants, for example, are decreasing vegetation density and structural diversity locally [31,32], with direct effects on predation patterns [45].”

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References 35 · Cited by 37

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Loveridge, A. J., & Macdonald, D. W. (2002). Habitat ecology of two sympatric species of jackals in Zimbabwe. Journal of Mammalogy, 83, 599-607.

Authors
Tambling, C. J., Minnie, L., Adendorff, J., & Kerley, G. I. H.
Affiliations
  • Nelson Mandela University (ZA)
  • South African National Parks (ZA)
Corresponding author
Tambling, Craig J.
Venue
Basic and Applied Ecology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2013-12
Volume
14
Issue
8
Pages
694-701
ISSN
1439-1791 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2072664961
Cited by
37
References
35
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
FWCI
3.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Basic and Applied Ecology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Nelson Mandela University Research Repository (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Research Foundation
  • Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
  • Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst
  • Nelson Mandela University
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
Keywords
predator-prey interactions, habitat fragmentation, thicket vegetation, predator refuge, lion, spotted hyena, mesopredators, Addo Elephant National Park, camera trap data, GPS collar data, trophic cascades, ecosystem transformation, carnivore reintroduction

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