Mechanisms involved in the intestinal absorption of dietary vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids
Open accessAbstract
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient for humans and is converted to the visual chromophore, 11-cis-retinal, and to the hormone, retinoic acid. Vitamin A in animal-derived foods is found as long chain acyl esters of retinol and these are digested to free fatty acids and retinol before uptake by the intestinal mucosal cell. The retinol is then reesterified to retinyl esters for incorporation into chlylomicrons and absorbed via the lymphatics or effluxed into the portal circulation facilitated by the lipid transporter, ABCA1. Provitamin A carotenoids such as β-carotene are found in plant-derived foods. These and other carotenoids are transported into the mucosal cell by scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). Provitamin A carotenoids are partly converted to retinol by oxygenase and reductase enzymes and the retinol so produced is available for absorption via the two pathways described above. The efficiency of vitamin A and carotenoid intestinal absorption is determined by the regulation of a number of proteins involved in the process. Polymorphisms in genes for these proteins lead to individual variability in the metabolism and transport of vitamin A and carotenoids. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
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Absorption differs significantly between animal vitamin A (retinol and its derivatives) and carotenoids.
“Absorption differs significantly between animal vitamin A (retinol and its derivatives) and carotenoids [1,71].”
From Vitamin A Update: Forms, Sources, Kinetics, Detection, Function, Deficiency, Therapeutic Use and Toxicity (2021) · cites this paper as [71]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe absorption of vitamin A is increased if consumed with fatty meals since micelle formation supports the absorption of fat-soluble compounds.
“Its absorption is increased if consumed with fatty meals since micelle formation supports the absorption of fat-soluble compounds, such as animal vitamin A in the small intestine [71].”
From Vitamin A Update: Forms, Sources, Kinetics, Detection, Function, Deficiency, Therapeutic Use and Toxicity (2021) · cites this paper as [71]
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References 112 · Cited by 365
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [3]Goodwin TW The Biosynthesis of Vitamin A and Related Compounds 1963 London Academic Press 270 319
- [28]Leuenberger MG Engeloch-Jarret C Woggon W-D The reaction mechanism of the enzyme-catalyzed central cleavage of beta-carotene to retinal Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 2001 40 2614 2617 29712336
- [95]Kane JP Havel RJ Scriver CR Beaudet AL Sly WS Valle D Disorders of the biogenesis and secretion of lipoproteins containing the B apolipoproteins The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disorders 1995 New York McGraw-Hill 1853 1885
- Authors
- Harrison, E. H.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Harrison, Earl H.
- ORCID
- Harrison, Earl H.
- Venue
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 1821
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 70-77
- ISSN
- 1388-1981 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3525326
- OpenAlex
- W2015802676
- Cited by
- 365
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (R01-DK044498, R01-HL049867)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinoids in leukemia and cellular processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- vitamin A absorption, provitamin A carotenoids, intestinal absorption, retinol, retinyl esters, chylomicrons, ABCA1, scavenger receptor class B type I, beta-carotene, genetic polymorphism, retinoid transport
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Transport, Carotenoids, Humans, Intestinal Absorption, Intestinal Mucosa, Retinaldehyde, Tretinoin, Vitamin A, Mice, Knockout, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Scavenger Receptors, Class B, Mice, Rats
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