The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The association between interleukin-6, sleep, and demographic characteristics
Abstract
We examined the relationship between the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and sleep architecture in 70 healthy men and women. Blood was drawn in the early morning for assessment of IL-6 followed by nocturnal sleep monitoring with polysomnography. Sleep records were scored for sleep stages using standard criteria. Morning IL-6 levels were positively correlated with REM latency after sleep onset [rho = .31, p = .01], percent (%) stage 1 sleep [rho = .23, p = .053], % wake after sleep onset (WASO) [rho = .29, p<.05]. IL-6 levels were negatively correlated with sleep efficiency [rho = -.36, p<.01] and slow wave sleep (SWS) [rho = -.26, p<.05]. After controlling for demographic variables including race, gender, age, and BMI, multiple hierarchical regression analyses revealed that morning IL-6 levels accounted for a significant portion of the variance of REM latency (p<.01), sleep efficiency (p<.01), and % WASO (p = .01). IL-6 was no longer associated with % stage 1 sleep, SWS, and total sleep time after controlling for the demographic characteristics. These findings suggest that the inflammatory marker IL-6 is associated with sleep quality and that certain individual characteristics such as race, gender, and age modify that relationship. Higher IL-6 levels were associated with lower quality of sleep among healthy asymptomatic men and women.
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“Blacks/African-Americans also obtained less Slow Wave Sleep. Other studies have also found that Blacks/African-Americans obtained less Slow Wave Sleep(215-219)”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [215]
Citations
Cites
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Adverse Effects of Modest Sleep Restriction on Sleepiness, Performance, and Inflammatory Cytokines
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Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on human circulating immune cells
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Racial Differences in Sleep-Disordered Breathing in African-Americans and Caucasians
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GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MORNINGNESS–EVENINGNESS PREFERENCE
Adan, A., & Natale, V. (2002) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-120005390 · Cited by 522
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Items 101–110 of 110
Baykan, H. K., Öner, N., Seyfeli, M. Y. A., & Çiçek, B. (2025) · Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.1108/nfs-09-2024-0290
Sleep, health-Related Biological Function and Well-Being
Jackowska, M. (2013) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Titze‐de‐Almeida, R., da Cunha, T. R., dos Santos Silva, L. D., Ferreira, C. S., Silva, C. P., Ribeiro, A. P., de Castro Moreira Santos Júnior, A., de Paula Brandão, P. R., Silva, A. P. B., da Rocha, M. C. O., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19143105
Sleep Disorders and Male Infertility: Integrated Mechanisms and Precision Therapeutic Strategies
Rong, J., & Dong, M. (2026) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.70191 · Cited by 1
Li, Y., Lan, C., Lei, H., Lyu, Z., Lin, D. X., Shen, J., Jiang, H., Wang, Y., Lu, C., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/mi/7909167
Rafiq, H., Habib, A., Rafeeqi, T. A., Wani, S. A., Shah, A., Ara, I., Rasool, S., & Khanday, S. (2026) · Sleep Science and Practice · doi:10.1186/s41606-026-00206-6
Metadata
- Authors
- Hong, S., Mills, P. J., Loredo, J. S., Adler, K. A., & Dimsdale, J. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hong, Suzi
- Venue
- Brain Behavior and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 165-172
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2022395336
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL036005, R01 HL57265-05, R01 HL36005, R01HL057265)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR-00827-25, M01RR000827)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- interleukin-6, sleep architecture, sleep quality, REM latency, wake after sleep onset, slow-wave sleep, stage 1 sleep, sleep efficiency, inflammatory cytokines, demographic moderators, race, gender, age, healthy adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Black or African American, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Sleep Stages, Interleukin-6, Body Mass Index, Polysomnography, White People
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