The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Increased IgG4 levels in children with autism disorder
Open accessAbstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that immune dysfunction is associated with autism disorders in a significant subset of children. Previous reports have shown abnormal immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, including an increased presence of autoreactive antibodies in the circulation of individuals with autism. As IgG is the predominant antibody isotype in circulation, we expected that an altered immune response could result in an abnormal IgG subclass profile in children with autism. We examined circulating plasma levels of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 in 241 children from the CHARGE (Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment) study, a large epidemiologic case-control investigation, including 114 children who meet full criteria for autism disorder (AU), 96 typically developing control children (TD) from a randomly selected sample of the general population, and 31 children with developmental delays (DD). We report significantly increased levels of the IgG4 subclass in children with AU compared with TD control children (p=0.016) and compared with DD controls (p=0.041). These results may suggest an underlying immunological abnormality in AU subjects resulting in elevated IgG4 production. Further investigation is necessary to elucidate the relationship between immunological findings and behavioral impairments in autism.
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“Elevated plasma cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNFα) [82–84], altered immunoglobulin levels [85, 86], elevated levels of complement proteins [87], and increased chemokine levels (CCL2, CCL5 and CCL11) [88] are reported in the plasma of young children with AD compared with matched typically developing children.”
From Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism (2012) · cites this paper as [86]
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Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520 · cited 15×
“Based on age and skill level, 92 AU participants were administered ADOS module 1, designed for the least verbal children.”
InfluentialMullen Scales of Early Learning
Bradley‐Johnson, S. (1997) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6807(199710)34:4 · Cited by 2,329
Prevalence of Autism in a US Metropolitan Area
Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Rice, C., Karapurkar, T., Doernberg, N., Boyle, C., & Murphy, C. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.1.49 · Cited by 1,248 · cited 2×
“Autism spectrum disorders are a group of relatively common pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders affecting between 2 and 6 children per 1000 (Chakrabarti and Fombonne, 2005; Fombonne, 2005; Yeargin-Allsopp et al., 2003).”
Maternal influenza infection causes marked behavioral and pharmacological changes in the offspring
Shi, L., Fatemi, S. H., Sidwell, R. W., & Patterson, P. H. (2003) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-01-00297.2003 · Cited by 1,025 · cited 2×
“…postnatal infections have also been associated with autism (Ashwood et al., 2006; Fortier et al., 2007; Meyer et al., 2006; Miyazaki et al., 2005; Narita et al., 2002; Niehus and Lord, 2006; Rodier et al., 1997; Rosen et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2003; Vojdani et al., 2003; Williams et al., 2001).”
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Human IgG4 Antibodies by Dynamic Fab Arm Exchange
Kolfschoten, M. V. D. N., Schuurman, J., Losen, M. H., Bleeker, W. K., Martínez‐Martínez, P., Vermeulen, E., den Bleker, T. H., Wiegman, L., Vink, T., Aarden, L. A., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1144603 · Cited by 981 · cited 1×
“These features drastically alter the biological function of the IgG4 antibody, shifting its function to that of a blocking or inhibiting antibody rather than one of protection through the more conventional routes, such as complement fixation (van der Neut Kolfschoten et al., 2007).”
Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Preschool Children: Confirmation of High Prevalence
Chakrabarti, S., & Fombonne, E. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1133 · Cited by 791 · cited 2×
“Autism spectrum disorders are a group of relatively common pervasive neurodevelopmental disorders affecting between 2 and 6 children per 1000 (Chakrabarti and Fombonne, 2005; Fombonne, 2005; Yeargin-Allsopp et al., 2003).”
Butler, M. G., Dasouki, M. J., Zhou, X.-P., Talebizadeh, Z., Brown, M., Takahashi, T. N., Miles, J. H., Wang, C. H., Stratton, R., Pilarski, R., et al. (2005) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.2004.024646 · Cited by 778 · cited 2×
“(Beilmann et al., 1997; Butler et al., 2005; Garbett et al., 2008; Pardo and Eberhart, 2007; Skaar et al., 2005).”
(2005) · PubMed · Cited by 775
Meyer, U., Nyffeler, M., Engler, A., Urwyler, A., Schedlowski, M., Knuesel, I., Yee, B. K., & Feldon, J. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0099-06.2006 · Cited by 774 · cited 2×
“Environmental triggers, such as thalidomide, valproic acid, and prenatal and early postnatal infections have also been associated with autism (Ashwood et al., 2006; Fortier et al., 2007; Meyer et al., 2006; Miyazaki et al., 2005; Narita et al., 2002; Niehus and Lord, 2006; Rodier et al., 1997; Rosen et al., 2007; Shi…”
Aalberse, R. C., van der Gaag, R., & van Leeuwen, J. (1983) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.130.2.722 · Cited by 740 · cited 3×
“Increased IgG4 is found in patients with atopy as well as prolonged chronic antigen stimulation (Aalberse et al., 1983; Shakib, 1986).”
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Jessop, D. S. (2011) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.5459957.8923054
BRAINGENIE: THE BRAIN GENE EXPRESSION AND NETWORK IMPUTATION ENGINE
Glatt, S. J., Hess, J., Quinn, T., Kong, S. W., Cairns, M. J., Tsuang, M. T., & Faraone, S. V. (2022) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.07.021
Metadata
- Authors
- Enstrom, A., Krakowiak, P., Onore, C., Pessah, I. N., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Hansen, R. L., Van de Water, J. A., & Ashwood, P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ashwood, Paul
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 389-395
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2696343
- OpenAlex
- W2042013685
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 4.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Emch Foundation
- University of California, Davis
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES015359, P01ES011269)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, IgG4, IgG subclasses, immune dysfunction, children, developmental delay, CHARGE study, autoantibodies
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Autistic Disorder, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Male, Case-Control Studies
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