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Increased IgG4 levels in children with autism disorder
Open accessAbstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that immune dysfunction is associated with autism disorders in a significant subset of children. Previous reports have shown abnormal immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, including an increased presence of autoreactive antibodies in the circulation of individuals with autism. As IgG is the predominant antibody isotype in circulation, we expected that an altered immune response could result in an abnormal IgG subclass profile in children with autism. We examined circulating plasma levels of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 in 241 children from the CHARGE (Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment) study, a large epidemiologic case-control investigation, including 114 children who meet full criteria for autism disorder (AU), 96 typically developing control children (TD) from a randomly selected sample of the general population, and 31 children with developmental delays (DD). We report significantly increased levels of the IgG4 subclass in children with AU compared with TD control children (p=0.016) and compared with DD controls (p=0.041). These results may suggest an underlying immunological abnormality in AU subjects resulting in elevated IgG4 production. Further investigation is necessary to elucidate the relationship between immunological findings and behavioral impairments in autism.
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“Elevated plasma cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNFα) [82–84], altered immunoglobulin levels [85, 86], elevated levels of complement proteins [87], and increased chemokine levels (CCL2, CCL5 and CCL11) [88] are reported in the plasma of young children with AD compared with matched typically developing children.”
From Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism (2012) · cites this paper as [86]
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“Environmental triggers, such as thalidomide, valproic acid, and prenatal and early postnatal infections have also been associated with autism (Ashwood et al., 2006; Fortier et al., 2007; Meyer et al., 2006; Miyazaki et al., 2005; Narita et al., 2002; Niehus and Lord, 2006; Rodier et al., 1997; Rosen et al., 2007; Shi…”
Self-citationPardo, C. A., & Eberhart, C. G. (2007) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00102.x · Cited by 514
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InfluentialSelf-citationFamilial Clustering of Autoimmune Disorders and Evaluation of Medical Risk Factors in Autism
Comi, A. M., Zimmerman, A. W., Frye, V. H., Law, P. A., & Peeden, J. (1999) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307389901400608 · Cited by 390 · cited 2×
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Immune transcriptome alterations in the temporal cortex of subjects with autism
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“…was confirmed by qualified practitioners who have achieved research-reliability using the two gold-standard instruments: the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedules (ADOS) (Lord et al., 2000, 2003) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) (Le Couteur et al., 2003; Lord et al., 1997).”
InfluentialDiagnostic Uses of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
Sparrow, S. S., & Cicchetti, D. V. (1985) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/10.2.215 · Cited by 284 · cited 1×
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Methodde Bildt, A., Sytema, S., Ketelaars, C., Kraijer, D., Mulder, E., Volkmar, F., & Minderaa, R. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000022604.22374.5f · Cited by 278 · cited 1×
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Antibodies to Myelin Basic Protein in Children with Autistic Behavior
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“Reports of self-reactive antibodies, especially to brain and CNS proteins (Cabanlit et al., 2007; Connolly et al., 2006, 1999; Kozlovskaia et al., 2000; Silva et al., 2004; Singh and Rivas, 2004; Singh et al., 1993; Todd et al., 1988; Vojdani et al., 2002, 2004; Wills et al., 2007), have been one of the most robust an…”
InfluentialMullen Scales of Early Learning
Willoughby, B. (2018) · The SAGE Encyclopedia of Intellectual and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.4135/9781483392271.n327 · Cited by 266
Immunological Findings in Autism
Cohly, H., & Panja, A. B. (2005) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(05)71013-8 · Cited by 265 · cited 2×
“Among these findings there has been a long standing focus on autoimmune processes in individuals with autism and/or their primary and secondary family members compared with the general population (Ashwood and Van de Water, 2004; Cohly and Panja, 2005; Comi et al., 1999; Money et al., 1971).”
Connolly, A. M., Chez, M. G., Streif, E. M., Keeling, R. M., Golumbek, P. T., Kwon, J. M., Riviello, J. J., Robinson, R., Neuman, R. J., & Deuel, R. K. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.004 · Cited by 265 · cited 6×
“An area for further research is to determine if neuronal antibodies reported in other studies (Cabanlit et al., 2007; Connolly et al., 2006, 1999; Kozlovskaia et al., 2000; Singh and Rivas, 2004; Singh et al., 1997, 1993; Todd et al., 1988; Wills et al., 2007) are of the IgG4 subclass, suggesting…”
InfluentialLinking etiologies in humans and animal models: Studies of autism
Rodier, P. M., Ingram, J. L., Tisdale, B., & Croog, V. J. (1997) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/s0890-6238(97)80001-u · Cited by 248 · cited 2×
“…postnatal infections have also been associated with autism (Ashwood et al., 2006; Fortier et al., 2007; Meyer et al., 2006; Miyazaki et al., 2005; Narita et al., 2002; Niehus and Lord, 2006; Rodier et al., 1997; Rosen et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2003; Vojdani et al., 2003; Williams et al., 2001).”
Serum autoantibodies to brain in Landau-Kleffner variant, autism, and other neurologic disorders
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“Either situation is equally likely, both increased self-reactive (primarily neuroreactive) antibodies (Cabanlit et al., 2007; Connolly et al., 2006, 1999; Kozlovskaia et al., 2000; Singh and Rivas, 2004; Singh et al., 1997, 1993; Todd et al., 1988; Wills et al., 2007), and other altered…”
InfluentialCirculating autoantibodies to neuronal and glial filament proteins in autism
Singh, V. K., Warren, R., Averett, R., & Ghaziuddin, M. (1997) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0887-8994(97)00045-3 · Cited by 234 · cited 3×
“…(primarily neuroreactive) antibodies (Cabanlit et al., 2007; Connolly et al., 2006, 1999; Kozlovskaia et al., 2000; Singh and Rivas, 2004; Singh et al., 1997, 1993; Todd et al., 1988; Wills et al., 2007), and other altered immunological findings (Ashwood and Van de Water, 2004) have been…”
Fortier, M., Luheshi, G. N., & Boksa, P. (2007) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2007.04.016 · Cited by 229 · cited 2×
“Environmental triggers, such as thalidomide, valproic acid, and prenatal and early postnatal infections have also been associated with autism (Ashwood et al., 2006; Fortier et al., 2007; Meyer et al., 2006; Miyazaki et al., 2005; Narita et al., 2002; Niehus and Lord, 2006; Rodier et al., 1997; Rosen et al., 2007; Shi…”
Jyonouchi, H., Sun, S., & Itokazu, N. (2002) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000065416 · Cited by 225 · cited 2×
“If one considers IgG4 as a blocking antibody induced in the presence of chronic antigen exposure, including potential autoantigens or food allergens, this could relate to several of the phenomena described in autism, including increased food allergies and the presence of autoantibodies (Ashwood and Van de Water, 2004;…”
Analysis of the RELN gene as a genetic risk factor for autism
Skaar, D. A., Shao, Y., Haines, J. L., Stenger, J. E., Jaworski, J. M., Martin, E. R., DeLong, G. R., Moore, J. H., McCauley, J. L., Sutcliffe, J. S., et al. (2004) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001614 · Cited by 204
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“…postnatal infections have also been associated with autism (Ashwood et al., 2006; Fortier et al., 2007; Meyer et al., 2006; Miyazaki et al., 2005; Narita et al., 2002; Niehus and Lord, 2006; Rodier et al., 1997; Rosen et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2003; Vojdani et al., 2003; Williams et al., 2001).”
Vojdani, A., Campbell, A. W., Anyanwu, E., Kashanian, A., Bock, K., & Vojdani, E. (2002) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00180-7 · Cited by 197 · cited 1×
“…et al., 2007; Connolly et al., 2006, 1999; Kozlovskaia et al., 2000; Silva et al., 2004; Singh and Rivas, 2004; Singh et al., 1993; Todd et al., 1988; Vojdani et al., 2002, 2004; Wills et al., 2007), have been one of the most robust and consistently demonstrated immunological findings in autism.”
Miyazaki, K., Narita, N., & Narita, M. (2004) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.05.004 · Cited by 195 · cited 2×
“…and prenatal and early postnatal infections have also been associated with autism (Ashwood et al., 2006; Fortier et al., 2007; Meyer et al., 2006; Miyazaki et al., 2005; Narita et al., 2002; Niehus and Lord, 2006; Rodier et al., 1997; Rosen et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2003; Vojdani et al., 2003;…”
Reduced levels of immunoglobulin in children with autism correlates with behavioral symptoms
Heuer, L., Ashwood, P., Schauer, J., Goines, P., Krakowiak, P., Hertz‐Picciotto, I., Hansen, R., Croen, L. A., Pessah, I. N., & Van de Water, J. (2008) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.42 · Cited by 190 · cited 2×
“We recently found a statistically significant decrease in total IgG levels in children with AU compared with controls as assessed by ELISA (Heuer et al., 2008).”
Self-citationvan der Zee, J. S., van Swieten, P., & Aalberse, R. C. (1986) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.137.11.3566 · Cited by 186 · cited 3×
“Moreover, the circulating structure of IgG4 is functionally monovalent and differs from IgG1, IgG2, or IgG3, which contain two binding sites (Aalberse et al., 1983; van der Zee et al., 1986).”
A public health collaboration for the surveillance of autism spectrum disorders
Rice, C. E., Baio, J., Braun, K. V. N., Doernberg, N. S., Meaney, F. J., Kirby, R. S., & ADDM Network (2007) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2007.00801.x · Cited by 158 · cited 2×
“In addition, the recent CDC survey that obtained much larger case series in six states showed a two-fold variation for sex ratio (Rice et al., 2007).”
Brain‐Specific Autoantibodies in the Plasma of Subjects with Autistic Spectrum Disorder
CABANLIT, M., WILLS, S., GOINES, P., ASHWOOD, P., & VAN DE WATER, J. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1381.010 · Cited by 157 · cited 6×
“An area for further research is to determine if neuronal antibodies reported in other studies (Cabanlit et al., 2007; Connolly et al., 2006, 1999; Kozlovskaia et al., 2000; Singh and Rivas, 2004; Singh et al., 1997, 1993; Todd et al., 1988; Wills et al., 2007) are of the IgG4 subclass, suggesting…”
InfluentialSelf-citationEarly medical history of children with autism spectrum disorders
NIEHUS, R., & LORD, C. (2006) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200604002-00010 · Cited by 152 · cited 2×
“…postnatal infections have also been associated with autism (Ashwood et al., 2006; Fortier et al., 2007; Meyer et al., 2006; Miyazaki et al., 2005; Narita et al., 2002; Niehus and Lord, 2006; Rodier et al., 1997; Rosen et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2003; Vojdani et al., 2003; Williams et al., 2001).”
Increased serum albumin, γ globulin, immunoglobulin IgG, and IgG2 and IgG4 in autism
Croonenberghs, J., Wauters, A., Devreese, K. M. J., Verkerk, R. M., Scharpé, S., Bosmans, E., Egyed, B., Deboutte, D., & Maes, M. H. J. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702006037 · Cited by 130 · cited 5×
“To address whether IgG subclass levels were associated with developmental and behavioral measures as previously suggested (Croonenberghs et al., 2002), we fitted weighted multiple linear regression models to examine the association between IgG4 subclass levels with data from the following…”
InfluentialVojdani, A., Pangborn, J. B., Vojdani, E., & Cooper, E. L. (2003) · International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/039463200301600302 · Cited by 130 · cited 2×
“…postnatal infections have also been associated with autism (Ashwood et al., 2006; Fortier et al., 2007; Meyer et al., 2006; Miyazaki et al., 2005; Narita et al., 2002; Niehus and Lord, 2006; Rodier et al., 1997; Rosen et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2003; Vojdani et al., 2003; Williams et al., 2001).”
Genetic and Immunologic Considerations in Autism
Korvatska, O., de Water, J. V., Anders, T. F., & Gershwin, M. E. (2002) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1006/nbdi.2002.0479 · Cited by 127 · cited 1×
“In addition, several researchers have described various immune abnormalities, including increased levels of inflammatory mediators and the presence of autoimmune phenomena (Ashwood et al., 2006; Cohly and Panja, 2005; Korvatska et al., 2002).”
Immune Response to Dietary Proteins, Gliadin and Cerebellar Peptides in Children with Autism
Vojdani, A., O'Bryan, T., Green, J. A., McCandless, J., Woeller, K. N., Vojdani, E., Nourian, A. A., & Cooper, E. L. (2004) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/10284150400004155 · Cited by 124 · cited 2×
“Reports of self-reactive antibodies, especially to brain and CNS proteins (Cabanlit et al., 2007; Connolly et al., 2006; Connolly et al., 1999; Kozlovskaia et al., 2000; Silva et al., 2004; Singh and Rivas, 2004; Singh et al., 1993; Todd et al., 1988; Vojdani et al., 2002; Vojdani et al., 2004; Wills et al., 2007), ha…”
A Review of Autism and the Immune Response
Ashwood, P., & de Water, J. V. (2004) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1080/10446670410001722096 · Cited by 122
Self-citationPrevalence of serum antibodies to caudate nucleus in autistic children
Singh, V. K., & Rivas, W. H. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2003.10.026 · Cited by 108 · cited 6×
“…is to determine if neuronal antibodies reported in other studies (Cabanlit et al., 2007; Connolly et al., 2006, 1999; Kozlovskaia et al., 2000; Singh and Rivas, 2004; Singh et al., 1997, 1993; Todd et al., 1988; Wills et al., 2007) are of the IgG4 subclass, suggesting they may be blocking…”
InfluentialAutism and autoimmune disease: A family study
Money, J., Bobrow, N. A., & Clarke, F. C. (1971) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01537954 · Cited by 106 · cited 1×
“Among these findings there has been a long standing focus on autoimmune processes in individuals with autism and/or their primary and secondary family members compared with the general population (Ashwood and Van de Water, 2004; Cohly and Panja, 2005; Comi et al., 1999; Money et al., 1971).”
HLA-DR4 in Families With Autism
Lee, L.-C., Zachary, A. A., Leffell, M. S., Newschaffer, C. J., Matteson, K. J., Tyler, J. D., & Zimmerman, A. W. (2006) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2006.06.006 · Cited by 106 · cited 2×
“Multiple genetic studies of children and adults with autism have indicated various candidate genes, many of them related to immune system function, including C4 null allele and MHC haplotypes B44-SC30-DR4, HLA-DR b1, DR4, and DR13 (Daniels et al., 1995; Ferrante et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2006; Torres et al., 2006; War…”
Autism and congenital cytomegalovirus
Stubbs, E. G., Ash, E., & Williams, C. P. S. (1984) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02409660 · Cited by 105 · cited 2×
“, 2007), and links with congenital rubella, cytomegalovirus and other viral infections (Chess, 1971; Stubbs et al., 1984).”
The Association and Linkage of the HLA-A2 Class I Allele with Autism
Torres, A. R., Sweeten, T. L., Cutler, A., Bedke, B. J., Fillmore, M., Stubbs, E. G., & Odell, D. (2006) · Human Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2006.01.001 · Cited by 104 · cited 2×
“Multiple genetic studies of children and adults with autism have indicated various candidate genes, many of them related to immune system function, including C4 null allele and MHC haplotypes B44-SC30-DR4, HLA-DR b1, DR4, and DR13 (Daniels et al., 1995; Ferrante et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2006; Torres et al., 2006; War…”
Autoantibodies in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Wills, S., Cabanlit, M., BENNETT, J., Ashwood, P., Amaral, D. G., & de Water, J. V. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1381.009 · Cited by 100 · cited 6×
“Either situation is equally likely, both increased self-reactive (primarily neuroreactive) antibodies (Cabanlit et al., 2007; Connolly et al., 2006, 1999; Kozlovskaia et al., 2000; Singh and Rivas, 2004; Singh et al., 1997, 1993; Todd et al., 1988; Wills et al., 2007), and other altered immunological findings (Ashwood…”
InfluentialSelf-citationWarren, R. P., Yonk, J., Burger, R. W., Odell, D., & Warren, W. L. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000119172 · Cited by 93 · cited 2×
“Multiple genetic studies of children and adults with autism have indicated various candidate genes, many of them related to immune system function, including C4 null allele and MHC haplotypes B44-SC30-DR4, HLA-DR b1, DR4, and DR13 (Daniels et al., 1995; Ferrante et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2006; Torres et al., 2006; War…”
Increased Frequency of the Extended or Ancestral Haplotype B44-SC3O-DR4 in Autism
Daniels, W. W., Warren, R. P., Odell, J. D., Maciulis, A., Burger, R. A., Warren, W. L., & Torres, A. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000119223 · Cited by 83 · cited 2×
“Multiple genetic studies of children and adults with autism have indicated various candidate genes, many of them related to immune system function, including C4 null allele and MHC haplotypes B44-SC30-DR4, HLA-DR b1, DR4, and DR13 (Daniels et al., 1995; Ferrante et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2006; Torres et al., 2006; War…”
Infection in the First 2 Years of Life and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Rosen, N. J., Yoshida, C. K., & Croen, L. (2007) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1788 · Cited by 81 · cited 4×
“…postnatal infections have also been associated with autism (Ashwood et al., 2006; Fortier et al., 2007; Meyer et al., 2006; Miyazaki et al., 2005; Narita et al., 2002; Niehus and Lord, 2006; Rodier et al., 1997; Rosen et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2003; Vojdani et al., 2003; Williams et al., 2001).”
InfluentialAntibrain antibodies in infantile autism
Todd, R. D., Hickok, J. M., Anderson, G. M., & Cohen, D. J. (1988) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(88)90012-1 · Cited by 81 · cited 6×
“Either situation is equally likely, both increased self-reactive (primarily neuroreactive) antibodies (Cabanlit et al., 2007; Connolly et al., 2006, 1999; Kozlovskaia et al., 2000; Singh and Rivas, 2004; Singh et al., 1997, 1993; Todd et al., 1988; Wills et al., 2007), and other altered immunological findings (Ashwood…”
InfluentialAutoantibody repertoires to brain tissue in autism nuclear families
Silva, S. C., Correia, C., Fesel, C., Barreto, M., Coutinho, A. M., Marques, C., Miguel, T. S., Ataide, A., Bento, C., Borges, L., et al. (2004) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.03.015 · Cited by 76 · cited 2×
“Reports of self-reactive antibodies, especially to brain and CNS proteins (Cabanlit et al., 2007; Connolly et al., 2006, 1999; Kozlovskaia et al., 2000; Silva et al., 2004; Singh and Rivas, 2004; Singh et al., 1993; Todd et al., 1988; Vojdani et al., 2002, 2004; Wills et al., 2007), have been one of the most robust an…”
Beilmann, M., Odenthal, M., Jung, W., Woude, G. F. V., Dienes, H., & Schirmacher, P. (1997) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v90.11.4450 · Cited by 75 · cited 2×
“(Beilmann et al., 1997; Butler et al., 2005; Garbett et al., 2008; Pardo and Eberhart, 2007; Skaar et al., 2005).”
Significant association of HLA A2–DR11 with CD4 naive decrease in autistic children
Ferrante, P., Saresella, M., Guerini, F. R., Marzorati, M., Musetti, M. C., & Cazzullo, A. G. (2003) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0753-3322(03)00099-4 · Cited by 52 · cited 2×
“Multiple genetic studies of children and adults with autism have indicated various candidate genes, many of them related to immune system function, including C4 null allele and MHC haplotypes B44-SC30-DR4, HLA-DR b1, DR4, and DR13 (Daniels et al., 1995; Ferrante et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2006; Torres et al., 2006; War…”
Trajkovski, V., Ajdinski, L., & Spiroski, M. Z. (2004) · PubMed · doi:10.31235/osf.io/vrt3b · Cited by 42 · cited 1×
“This finding is consistent with a previous report of increased IgG4 determined by nephlometry in children with autism compared to unaffected siblings (Trajkovski et al., 2004).”
Aberrant Behavior Checklist – Community
(2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_300021 · Cited by 42
Gv, K., Tp, K., Горюнова, А. В., Turkova, I. L., Калинина, М. А., & Sergienko, N. S. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 31
Shakib, F. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 11
Immune Reactivity to Mite Allergens in Nonatopic Subjects: Immune Deviation or Immune Ignorance
Aalberse, R. C., & Vermeulen, E. (2001) · International Archives of Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1159/000053712 · Cited by 3 · cited 1×
“These IgG4 antibodies directly interfere with IgG1 antibody function (Aalberse and Vermeulen, 2001; van der Zee et al., 1986), possibly serving a protective role by decreasing IgG1-mediated inflammation and tissue damage.”
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 64 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Ashwood, P., Krakowiak, P., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Hansen, R., Pessah, I., & Van de Water, J. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.003 · Cited by 940
“…have described links between genes that encode for immune-related proteins and ASD, suggesting that abnormalities in the immune system may influence aspects of brain development and synaptic functions that negatively impact clinical outcomes relevant to ASD (reviewed in Enstrom et al., 2009a).”
BackgroundSelf-citationConsensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism
Fatemi, S. H., Aldinger, K. A., Ashwood, P., Bauman, M. L., Blaha, C. D., Blatt, G. J., Chauhan, A., Chauhan, V., Dager, S. R., Dickson, P. E., et al. (2012) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-012-0355-9 · Cited by 723
“Elevated plasma cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, and TNFα) [82–84], altered immunoglobulin levels [85, 86], elevated levels of complement proteins [87], and increased chemokine levels (CCL2, CCL5, and CCL11) [88] are reported in the plasma of young children with AD compared with matched typically developing chi…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTraffic-Related Air Pollution, Particulate Matter, and Autism
Volk, H. E., Lurmann, F., Penfold, B., Hertz-Picciotto, I., & McConnell, R. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.266 · Cited by 638
Self-citationThe role of immune dysfunction in the pathophysiology of autism
Onore, C., Careaga, M., & Ashwood, P. (2012) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.08.007 · Cited by 635
Self-citationEmerging Roles for the Gut Microbiome in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Vuong, H. E., & Hsiao, E. Y. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.024 · Cited by 595
Metadata
- Authors
- Enstrom, A., Krakowiak, P., Onore, C., Pessah, I. N., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Hansen, R. L., Van de Water, J. A., & Ashwood, P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ashwood, Paul
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 389-395
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2696343
- OpenAlex
- W2042013685
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 4.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Emch Foundation
- University of California, Davis
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES015359, P01ES011269)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, IgG4, IgG subclasses, immune dysfunction, children, developmental delay, CHARGE study, autoantibodies
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Autistic Disorder, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Male, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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