The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Minimal penetration of lipopolysaccharide across the murine blood–brain barrier
Open accessAbstract
LPS given peripherally or into the brain induces a neuroinflammatory response. How peripheral LPS induces its effects on brain is not clear, but one mechanism is that LPS crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Alternatively, LPS acts outside the BBB by stimulating afferent nerves, acting at circumventricular organs, and altering BBB permeabilities and functions. Here, we labeled LPS with radioactive iodine (I-LPS) and coinjected it with radioactively labeled albumin (I-Alb) which acted as a vascular space marker. Measurable amounts of I-LPS associated with the BBB, most reversibly bound to brain endothelia. Brain endothelia also sequestered small amounts of I-LPS and about 0.025% of an intravenously injected dose of I-LPS crossed the BBB to enter the CNS. Disruption of the BBB with repeated injections of LPS did not enhance I-LPS uptake. Based on dose-response curves in the literature of the amounts of LPS needed to stimulate brain neuroimmune events, it is unlikely that enough peripherally administered LPS enters the CNS to invoke those events except possibly at the highest doses used and for the most sensitive brain functions. I-LPS injected into the lateral ventricle of the brain entered the circulation with the reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid (bulk flow) as previously described. In conclusion, brain uptake of circulating I-LPS is so low that most effects of peripherally administered LPS are likely mediated through LPS receptors located outside the BBB.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Low and medium doses of endotoxin do not change blood-brain barrier permeability and only minimally enter the brain [52], suggesting that peripheral LPS may induce brain inflammation indirectly by (i) LPS activation of peripheral nerves acting centrally; (ii) LPS activation of the blood-brain barrier, which then releases cytokines within the brain, or recruiting immune cells into the brain; or (ii”
From The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Colowick, S. P., Joshi, M. D., Jagannathan, & KAPLAN, N. O. (1966) · Cited by 26,137
Graphical Evaluation of Blood-to-Brain Transfer Constants from Multiple-Time Uptake Data
Patlak, C. S., Blasberg, R. G., & Fenstermacher, J. D. (1983) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1983.1 · Cited by 3,565
Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection
Brenchley, J. M., Price, D. A., Schacker, T. W., Asher, T. E., Silvestri, G., Rao, S., Kazzaz, Z., Bornstein, E., Lambotte, O., Altmann, D., et al. (2006) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1511 · Cited by 3,559
Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration
Qin, L., Wu, X., Block, M. L., Liu, Y., Breese, G. R., Hong, J., Knapp, D. J., & Crews, F. T. (2007) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20467 · Cited by 2,144
CARD4/Nod1 mediates NF‐κB and JNK activation by invasive Shigella flexneri
Girardin, S. E., Tournebize, R., Mavris, M., Page, A., Li, X., Stark, G. R., Bertin, J., DiStefano, P. S., Yaniv, M., Sansonetti, P. J., et al. (2001) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve155 · Cited by 608
Cytokine-to-brain communication: A review & analysis of alternative mechanisms
Watkins, L. R., Maier, S. F., & Goehler, L. E. (1995) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(95)02047-m · Cited by 597
Murine tumor necrosis factor alpha is transported from blood to brain in the mouse
Gutierrez, E. G., Banks, W. A., & Kastin, A. J. (1993) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/0165-5728(93)90027-v · Cited by 577
Self-citationTransport of α-Aminoisobutyric Acid across Brain Capillary and Cellular Membranes
Blasberg, R. G., Fenstermacher, J. D., & Patlak, C. S. (1983) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1983.2 · Cited by 517
Triguero, D., Buciak, J. L., & Pardridge, W. M. (1990) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1990.tb04886.x · Cited by 454
Chakravarty, S., & Herkenham, M. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4268-04.2005 · Cited by 396
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–356 of 356
Ismailova, A. U., Ichetkina, K., Shults, M. R., Shults, A. S., Kurilova, E. A., & Tuchina, O. P. (2025) · Genes and Cells · doi:10.17816/gc655664 · Cited by 2
Espinosa‐García, C., Srivastava, U., Kumar, P., Kour, D., Malepati, S., Tobin, B. R., Xiao, H., Sunna, S. N., Bowen, C. A., Cheng, L., et al. (2026) · Molecular Neurodegeneration Advances · doi:10.1186/s44477-026-00024-1 · Cited by 3
Dynamics of Virulence of Commensals: Preventive Phenotypical Mutability
Chepur, S. V., Nn, P., Sayganov, S. A., Chubar, O. V., Сергеевна, Б. Л., & Litvinenko, I. (2023) · Biology Bulletin Reviews · doi:10.1134/s207908642306004x · Cited by 2
Wasiak, S., Fu, L., Daze, E., Gilham, D., Rakai, B. D., Stotz, S. C., Tsujikawa, L. M., Sarsons, C. D., Studer, D., Rinker, K. D., et al. (2023) · Translational Neuroscience · doi:10.1515/tnsci-2022-0332 · Cited by 2
Principles of neuroanatomical architecture supporting brain–immune cell–cell interactions
Shimada, A. (2019) · Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1111/cen3.12559 · Cited by 2
Li, H., Le, L., Marrero, M., David‐Bercholz, J., Caceres, A. I., Lim, C., Chiang, W., Majewska, A. K., Terrando, N., & Gelbard, H. A. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3459515/v1 · Cited by 2
Ayyubova, G., & Gasimov, E. K. (2019) · NATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY · doi:10.61788/njn.v1i19.08 · Cited by 1
Alvez, F. L., de Souza, A. Á., de Mello, J. E., Pedra, N. S., Goularte, K. C. M., Assmann, C. E., Schirmann, A. A., Mostardeiro, V. B., Gutierres, J. M., Fernandes, M. D. C., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2025.177987 · Cited by 1
Inflammatory models of depression in rodents and humans
Markov, D., Zozulya, S. A., & Dolotov, O. V. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1687579 · Cited by 5
Barros, H. D. D. F. Q., Casagrande, B. P., Araújo, D. D., Mutran, T. A. J., Telles, M. M., Estadella, D., & Pisani, L. P. (2026) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-026-10038-5 · Cited by 3
Infektionen und Nervensystem in der Geriatrie
Djukic, M., Tauber, S. C., & Nau, R. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-57358-7_18 · Cited by 1
In Vivo Studies of Drug BBB Transport: Translational Challenges and the Role of Brain Imaging
Syvänen, S., Hammarlund‐Udenaes, M., & Loryan, I. (2020) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2020_425 · Cited by 1
Kao, C.-C. A. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
Nguyen, A. (2016) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3057d35z · Cited by 1
Pedroso-Roussado, C., Guppy, F. M., Bowler, L. D., & Inácio, J. (2022) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202212.0205.v1
Thermal threshold for localized Blood-Brain-Barrier disruptionPreprint
Bär, S., Buchholz, O., Münkel, C., Schlett, P., LeVan, P., von Elverfeldt, D., & Hofmann, U. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3170125/v1 · Cited by 1
Deconstructing Neuronal and Astroglial Contributions to Sleep and Inflammatory Immune Responses.
Ingiosi, A. M. (2015) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Lutz, J. A. (2014) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Lewis, M. (2011) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Lear, C. A., Davidson, J. O., Booth, L. C., Wassink, G., Galinsky, R., Drury, P. P., Fraser, M., Bennet, L., Gunn, A. J., Ca, L., et al. (2014)
Topper, L. A. (2015) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
Role of phosphodiesterase-4 in alcohol-induced organ injury.
Avila, D. V. (2016) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/2405
Effects of Anti-viral Acute Phase Response on Hippocampal Glutamate Regulation
Hunsberger, H. C. (2016) · The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) · doi:10.33915/etd.5839
Weber, M. D. (2015) · CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder)
Signalisation par les récepteurs toll-like dans un contexte d'excitotoxicité
Larochelle, A. (2014) · Corpus Université Laval (Université Laval)
Әyyubova, G. M., & Qasimov, E. (2019) · NATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY · doi:10.28942/nnj.v1i15.270
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Genomic analysis of reactive astrogliosis.
Akassoglou, K. (2012) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.714897850.790352800
Fehlings, M. G. (2018) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.733374857.793550475
McDermott, M., & Jarosz-Griffiths, H. (2018) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.733031512.793545694
Targeting pathological changes in the gut protects the CNS from neuropathology.
Charpentier, B. (2022) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/3966
Dynamics of Commensals Virulence: Preventive Phenotypical Mutability
Chepur, S. V., Nn, P., Sayganov, S. A., Chubar, O. V., Сергеевна, Б. Л., & Litvinenko, I. (2023) · Успехи современной биологии · doi:10.31857/s0042132423030043
The periparturient immune response in lactating dairy cows
Opgenorth, J. (2024) · doi:10.31274/td-20240617-126
Identification of mast cells in the brain of mice with lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation
Ichetkina, K., Ismailova, A., & Tuchina, O. P. (2023) · Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine) · doi:10.29296/24999490-2023-06-09
Venediktov, A. A., Александрович, К. Е., Pokidova, K., Oganesyan, D., Stepanian, A. T., Boronikhina, T. V., Piavchenko, G. A., & Kuznetsov, S. L. (2024) · Molekulyarnaya Meditsina (Molecular medicine) · doi:10.29296/24999490-2024-05-02 · Cited by 1
Wojtulewicz, K., Tomaszewska-Zaremba, D., Tomczyk, M., Bochenek, J., & Herman, A. P. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262311246
Gaire, S., An, J., Yang, H., Lee, K. A., Dumre, M., Lee, E. J., Park, S.-M., & Joe, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26401888
Tsioti, I., Steiner, B. L., Escher, P., Zinkernagel, M. S., Benz, P. M., & Kokona, D. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26566346
Heinz, R., Brandenburg, S., Nieminen-Kelhä, M., Kremenetskaia, I., Boehm‐Sturm, P., Vajkoczy, P., & Schneider, U. C. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13669573
The Role of α5GABA(A) Receptors in Brain Inflammation
Wong, J. (2013) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Inflammation modifies breathing phenotype in mice with epilepsy
Bhandare, A., Boaten, A., Dunkwu, D., Hill, J. C., Balazs, B., & Dale, N. (2026) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03670-6
Turek, A., Śmierciak, N., Szwajca, M., Karcz, P., Krzyściak, W., Batko, B., Magacz, M. R., Donicz, P., Furman, K., Bryll, A., et al. (2026) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101206 · Cited by 1
The effects of bacterial and viral infections on microglia
Ermolina, S., & Bowdish, D. M. E. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27340-7.00001-2
Cools, L., Dahdouh-Guebas, Y., Kemps, I., Bergmans, S., Castelein, J., Vandenbroucke, R. E., Hoecke, L. V., & Groef, L. D. (2026) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-026-02249-3
Mahmoudi, N. E. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/68e2ad9bzd00bz4539z8b49z2a120516daca
Li, H., Zhao, Y., Luo, Y., Bao, B., Hao, J., Duan, S., & Liu, Z. (2026) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5c11966
Hippocampal cytopathology orchestrates post-septic cognitive dysfunction
Cao, Z., Wang, Y., & Han, X. D. (2026) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-026-01899-5
Linking Systemic Endotoxin Exposure to Retinal Microglia Migration Through Mathematical ModelingPreprint
Jackson, T. M., Cassidy, T., Dando, S. J., & Jenner, A. L. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.30.735687
Metabolic endotoxemia in metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases
Li, C., Jiang, W., & Lu, M. (2026) · Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica · doi:10.3724/abbs.2026130
Bovine serum albumin sensitizes the mouse brain to lipopolysaccharides
Jiang, Y., Feng, Y., Li, X., Zhao, B., Yang, Z., Wei, R., & Yuan, F. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0356781
Tissue-specific inflammatory responses to systemic LPS in mice with LysM-lineage Hmgb1 deletion
Johnson, J., Tsoggerel, A., Fischer, K. D., Movilă, A., Hinton, A. O., Jr., & Sullivan, K. A. (2026) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101382
Yueqin, L., Luo, J., Wang, S., Wu, Y., Jia, S., Wang, G., Wei-guo, X., & Song, X. (2026) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cns.71213
Anthocyanins and brain health in the context of obesity and Western-style diets
Muhammad, I., Cremonini, E., & Oteiza, P. I. (2026) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2026.111029
РОЛЬ ВОСПАЛЕНИЯ В ПАТОГЕНЕЗЕ ДЕПРЕССИИ И ТРЕВОЖНЫХ РАССТРОЙСТВ
А.С., Б., Д.С., И., О.Б., Д., Д.Ю., Г., & Ю.Н., И. (2026) · Cifra LLC Journals · doi:10.60797/irj.2026.169.34
Metadata
- Authors
- Banks, W. A., & Robinson, S. M.
- Affiliations
- St. Louis VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Banks, William A.
- ORCID
- Banks, William A.
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 102-109
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2789209
- OpenAlex
- W2065678433
- Cited by
- 356
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 6.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG029839, AG029839)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS05047)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
- Keywords
- lipopolysaccharide, blood-brain barrier, blood-brain barrier permeability, brain endothelium, neuroinflammation, circumventricular organs, afferent nerves, LPS receptor, lateral ventricle injection
- MeSH terms
- Octanols, Algorithms, Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Capillaries, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Immunity, Innate, Injections, Intravenous, Injections, Intraventricular, Lipopolysaccharides, Male, Solubility, Salmonella enterica, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
