Cited by 597Tryptophan and brain disordersNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsVagus Nerve Stimulation Research

Cytokine-to-brain communication: A review & analysis of alternative mechanisms

Watkins, Linda R., Maier, Steven F., Goehler, Lisa E.·1995·Life Sciences

Abstract

It is becoming well accepted that products of the immune system (cytokines) can signal the brain that infection has occurred. This cytokine-to-brain communication can result in marked alterations in brain function and behavior. This review examines alternative mechanisms that have been proposed to explain how such immune products can reach the brain via the blood to cause centrally-mediated "illness" responses. Finally, we describe a new view which argues that cytokines signal brain in quite a different manner, by stimulating afferent terminals of peripheral nerves at local sites of synthesis and release.

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Crossref · 10.1016/0024-3205(95)02047-m

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2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Authors
Watkins, L. R., Maier, S. F., & Goehler, L. E.
Affiliations
University of Colorado Boulder (US)
Corresponding author
Watkins, Linda R.
Venue
Life Sciences
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1995-08
Volume
57
Issue
11
Pages
1011-1026
ISSN
0024-3205 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2093312779
Cited by
597
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 21
FWCI
2.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Life Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
Keywords
cytokines, neuroimmune signaling, blood-brain barrier, sickness behavior
MeSH terms
Afferent Pathways, Animals, Biological Transport, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Vagus Nerve, Signal Transduction, Cytokines

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