Emotions, immunity and sport: Winner and loser athlete’s profile of fighting sport
Abstract
Several studies have focused on the relationship between hormonal changes and affective states in sporting contexts relating to an agonistic outcome. More recently, pro-inflammatory cytokines have also been successfully associated with affective state modulation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether athletes who won or lost show different levels of steroid hormones (testosterone and cortisol), pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, or expressions of anger and anxiety during six training fights in seasonal competitions down to the main seasonal competition. In 25 male kick-boxing athletes (age±SD, 28.68±5.34), anger states (RS score) and anxiety states (AS score) were assessed by STAXI-2 and STAI-Y, respectively. Cortisol (C), testosterone (T) and IL-1β salivary levels were measured by the ELISA method. The saliva samples were taken in the afternoon, 30min prior to the start and 30min from the end of both simulated and official competitions. The results showed that the RS score, T, T/C ratio salivary levels increased during the season, whereas the AS score, C and IL-1β suggested an opposite trend. Close to an official competition, the RS score, T, T/C ratio and IL-1β salivary concentrations were significantly higher, and then decreased during competition. By contrast, the AS score and C levels significantly increased throughout the official competition. In addition, significant differences were found for hormones and IL-1β concentrations as well as psychometric assessment close to the outcome of an official match. Athletes who lost showed an higher AS score and C level, while those who won were characterized by an higher level during the pre-competition RS score, T, T/C ratio, and IL-1β. Note that these factors were positively and significantly correlated at the pre-official competition time, while in a linear regression analysis, IL-1β, T and T/C ratio concentrations explained 43% of the variance in the RS score observed at the same time (adjusted R(2)=0.43, ANOVA P<.05). Our data suggest that the beginning of an agonistic event could trigger emotional responses which correspond to different biological processes instead that of a simulated fight. In particular, IL-1β could be a potential new biological marker of anger and the combined measurement of these factors may be a useful way of understanding athletes' change in relation to their performance.
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Pro-inflammatory cytokines have been associated with emotional regulation, suggesting inflammation could play a role in anxiety.
“inflammation could also play a role in anxiety, since pro-inflammatory cytokines have also been associated with emotional regulation [10].”
From The Effect of Anxiety and Nutritional Habits on the Body Distortion of Athletes. (2025) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Pesce, M., Fratta, I. L., Ialenti, V., Patruno, A., Ferrone, A., Franceschelli, S., Rizzuto, A., Tatangelo, R., Campagna, G., Speranza, L., Felaco, M., & Grilli, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Chieti-Pescara (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Fratta, Irene La
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain Behavior and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-05
- Volume
- 46
- Pages
- 261-269
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4251288041
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 17.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Martial Arts: Techniques, Psychology, and Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- winning and losing, anger, anxiety, testosterone, cortisol, testosterone/cortisol ratio, IL-1β, inflammatory cytokines, salivary biomarkers, emotional arousal, competition results
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Anger, Anxiety, Competitive Behavior, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Saliva, Seasons, Sports, Testosterone, Interleukin-1beta, Young Adult, Athletes
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