Epidemiology of Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) and relationship with thyroid disease

Lazarus, John H.

doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.10.005

Cited by 182Ophthalmology and Eye DisordersMyasthenia Gravis and ThymomaOcular Disorders and Treatments

Epidemiology of Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) and relationship with thyroid disease

Lazarus, John H.·2012·Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1016/j.beem.2011.10.005

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Abstract

The incidence of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is 16/100,000 in females and 2.9/100,000 in males as studied in Olmsted county. It can be calculated that the approximate prevalence is 0.25%. There is a gender bimodal distribution. Go usually occurs at the time of onset of the hyperthyroidism but may present up to a year before that time or as long as 5 years afterwards. Around 10-15% of patients have never been hyperthyroid and some are hypothyroid at GO presentation. Although the incidence of GO has probably been decreasing during the last 2 decades definite figures for this assertion are not available. Risk factors that may influence the incidence of GO include cigarette smoking and radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. There are also complex genetic factors with multiple susceptibility alleles that contribute to the expression of the disease. The probability is that a reduction of the incidence of GO will be achieved by influencing the environmental factors.

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Combining micro-RNA and protein sequencing to detect robust biomarkers for Graves’ disease and orbitopathy
Zhang, L., Masetti, G., Colucci, G., Salvi, M., Covelli, D., Eckstein, A. K., Kaiser, U., Draman, M. S., Muller, I., Ludgate, M. E., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26700-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Clinical features and clinical course of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: a case series of 3620 Chinese cases
Du, B., Wang, Y., Yang, M., & He, W. (2020) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-020-01246-7 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Thyroid eye disease
Li, Z., Cestari, D. M., & Fortin, É. (2018) · Current Opinion in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/icu.0000000000000529 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“TED occurs in 25–50% of Graves’ disease patients and about a third of patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis [4].”
Background
A Promising Mouse Model of Graves' Orbitopathy Induced by Adenovirus Expressing Thyrotropin Receptor A Subunit
Zhang, M., Ding, X., Wu, L., He, M., Chen, Z., Shi, B., & Wang, Y. (2020) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2020.0088 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Role of Vitamin D in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: A Narrative Review
Czarnywojtek, A., Florek, E., Pietrończyk, K., Sawicka‐Gutaj, N., Ruchała, M., Ronen, O., Nixon, I. J., Shaha, A. R., Rodrigo, J. P., Tufano, R. P., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12041452 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The development of AITDs is influenced by endogenous factors (genetic factors, oestrogens, adipokines and body mass index) [31,34] and exogenous factors (nicotinism, iodine, selenium and VitD deficiency, infections, stress, and nutrition) [31].”
Background
Role of Selenium Intake for Risk and Development of Hyperthyroidism
Wang, Y., Zhao, F., Rijntjes, E., Wu, L., Wu, Q., Sui, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, M., He, M., Chen, P., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01713 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“576 Wang et al Selenium and Hyperthyroidism J Clin Endocrinol Metab, February 2019, 104(2):568–580”
BackgroundInfluential
Cytokines in Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy
Zhang, P., & Zhu, H. (2022) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2022/2528046 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The incidence of this condition was estimated to be 16/100000 in women and 2.9/100000 in men, and the prevalence was approximately 10/10000, at least [5, 6].”
Influential
Proptosis Regression After Teprotumumab Treatment for Thyroid Eye Disease
Rosenblatt, T. R., Chiou, C. A., Yoon, M. K., Wolkow, N., Lee, N. G., & Freitag, S. K. (2023) · Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/iop.0000000000002531 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Interestingly, although women tend to have higher rates of thyroid eye disease than men, 11 results of this study showed that being male correlated with higher odds of proptosis regression to the point of worsening beyond pretreatment proptosis.”
Background
Graves’ Disease during Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy (A Case Series and Literature Review)
Peiffert, M., Cugnet-Anceau, C., Dalle, S., Chikh, K., Assaad, S., Disse, E., Raverot, G., Borson-Chazot, F., & Abeillon-du Payrat, J. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13081944 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Neuroanatomic Variations in Graves' Dysthyroid Ophthalmopathy as Studied With MRI.
Silkiss, R. Z., & Wade, A. R. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Association of anthropometric markers with globe position: A population-based MRI study
Schmidt, P., Kempin, R., Langner, S., Beule, A. G., Kindler, S., Koppe, T., Völzke, H., Ittermann, T., Jürgens, C., & Tost, F. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211817 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy
Potvin, A. R. G. G., Pakdel, F., & Saeed, P. (2023) · Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/iop.0000000000002555 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Radiologic Parameters of Orbital Bone Remodeling in Thyroid Eye Disease
Tan, N. Y. Q., Leong, Y.-Y., Lang, S. S., Htoon, Z. M., Young, S. M., & Sundar, G. (2017) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.16-21035 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Epidemiology and clinical features of thyroid-associated orbitopathy in Accra
Ackuaku-Dogbe, E., Akpalu, J., & Abaidoo, B. (2017) · Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/meajo.meajo_91_17 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Thyroid eye disease: Redefining its management—A review
Jain, A. P., Jaru-ampornpan, P., & Douglas, R. S. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1111/ceo.13899 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“There is no distinct ethnic predisposition.(17,18) There is a 2.”
Background
Management of eyelid retraction related to thyroid eye disease
Osaki, T. H., Monteiro, L. G., & Osaki, M. H. (2022) · Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/tjo.tjo_57_21 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“[1‐3] Approximately 15%–30% of patients with Grave’s disease will experience clinically significant TED.[4] The prevalence of TED among Asians was found to be higher when compared to Europeans.”
Result
Teprotumumab for the Treatment of Thyroid Eye Disease
Ugradar, S., Malkhasyan, E., & Douglas, R. S. (2024) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnae018 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Predictive Factors of Development of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy for Patients with Juvenile Graves’ Disease
Jarušaitienė, D., Verkauskienė, R., Jašinskas, V., & Jankauskienė, J. (2016) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2016/8129497 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Low-Dose Rituximab for Active Moderate to Severe Graves’ Orbitopathy Resistant to Conventional Treatment
Pasquier-Fediaevsky, L. D., Andrei, S., Berche, M., Leenhardt, L., Héron, E., & Rivière, S. (2018) · Ocular Immunology and Inflammation · doi:10.1080/09273948.2018.1453078 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Insights into Current Management Strategies for Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy: A Review
Tagami, M., Honda, S., & Azumi, A. (2022) · Clinical ophthalmology · doi:10.2147/opth.s284609 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Patients with DON have some variational scotomata and visual field defects.22,48 In recent years, OCT imaging findings of the retinal nerve fiber layer in eye diseases including glaucoma have been actively compared with visual fields and visual function.49–52 Some studies investigated the effects of optic nerve compre…”
BackgroundInfluential
Advances in the pharmacological treatment of Graves’ orbitopathy
Ruchała, M., & Sawicka‐Gutaj, N. (2016) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1586/17512433.2016.1165606 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Evaluation of the Graves’ Orbitopathy-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire in the Mainland Chinese Population
Zeng, P. C., Fan, S.-X., Li, Z., Peng, Y.-Y., Hu, Y., Xu, M.-T., & Wang, M. (2019) · Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1155/2019/7602419 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“[1–3] About 25–50% of Graves’ disease patients show clinical eye signs and/or symptoms, and those people suffer from altered appearance and/or impaired vision [4, 5].”
Background
Serum concentrations of HGF and IL-8 in patients with active Graves’ orbitopathy before and after methylprednisolone therapy
Nowak, M., Siemińśka, L., Karpe, J., Marek, B., Kos‐Kudła, B., & Kajdaniuk, D. (2015) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-015-0322-7 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The estimated incidence of GO in the general population is 16 females and 3 males per 100,000 persons annually, with severe forms accounting for no more than 3–5 % of the cases [3].”
Thyroid Eye Disease.
Szelog, J. T., Swanson, H., Sniegowski, M. C., & Lyon, D. B. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Utility Assessment of Moderate to Severe Thyroid Eye Disease Health States
Smith, T. J., Cockerham, K. P., Lelli, G. J., Choudhary, C., Taylor, S., Barretto, N., Enstone, A., Oliver, L., Lynch, J., & Holt, R. J. (2022) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.3225 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Deep learning-based diagnosis of disease activity in patients with Graves’ orbitopathy using orbital SPECT/CT
Yao, N., Li, L., Gao, Z., Chen, Z., Li, Y., Han, C., Nan, J., Zhu, Z., Xiao, Y., Zhu, F., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-023-06312-2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“For the classi cation task, annotation of the activity stage was based on the following criteria: (1) based on the 2021 EUGOGO guidelines [16], eyes with CAS ≥ 3/7 were annotated as active phase; (2) while in eyes with CAS < 3/7, high DTPA uptake observed in orbit was annotated as active, whereas the absence of DTPA u…”
BackgroundMethod
Trends in Orbital Decompression Techniques of Surveyed American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Members
Reich, S. S., Null, R. C., Timoney, P. J., & Sokol, J. A. (2015) · Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/iop.0000000000000573 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“(Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2016;32:434–437) Graves’ orbitopathy is a common disease process presenting to the oculoplastic surgeon, with an estimated incidence of 2.9/100,000 men and 16/100,000 women in the US.1 The disease represents the most common cause of both unilateral and bilateral proptosis and can lead to d…”
BackgroundInfluential
Orbital Signaling in Graves’ Orbitopathy
Draman, M. S., Zhang, L., Dayan, C. M., & Ludgate, M. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.739994 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The changes of retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell layer with different severity of thyroid eye disease
Guo, J., Li, X., Ma, R., Gan, L., & Jiang, Q. (2021) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-021-01453-w · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Expert Consensus on the Use of Teprotumumab for the Management of Thyroid Eye Disease Using a Modified-Delphi Approach
Douglas, R. S., Kossler, A. L., Abrams, J., Briceño, C. A., Gay, D. T., Harrison, A. R., Lee, M., Nguyen, J., Joseph, S. S., Schlachter, D. M.-B., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/wno.0000000000001560 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The acute phase is typically associated with inflammation of the orbital and periorbital tissues, with resulting tissue expansion, diplopia, and proptosis (1).”
Background
Efficacy and Safety of intravenous monoclonal antibodies in patients with moderate-to-severe active Graves’ophthalmopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hu, Y., Chen, J., Lin, K. Y., & Yu, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1160936 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Effective early treatment of these patients is predictive of a favorable outcome (8) and reduces the need for surgery for secondstage disease sequelae.”
Background
Management of thyroid eye disease in the United Kingdom: A multi-centre thyroid eye disease audit
Mellington, F. E., Dayan, C. M., Dickinson, A. J., Hickey, J. L., MacEwen, C. J., McLaren, J., Perros, P., Rose, G. E., Uddin, J. M., Vaidya, B., et al. (2017) · Orbit · doi:10.1080/01676830.2017.1280057 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“25% within the developedworld.(2,3) Although the natural history of TED remains unclear, it typically has a period of activity over 6 to 12 months followed by slow improvement over 2 to 3 years.”
Background
Decreased Expression of TIM-3 on Th17 Cells Associated with Ophthalmopathy in Patients with Graves’ Disease
Zhao, J., Lin, B., Deng, H. H., Zhi, X., Li, Y., LIU, Y.-Y., Bible, P. W., Li, Q., Xu, B., Wei, L., et al. (2018) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524018666180705105753 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“About 90% of TAO patients are diagnosed with Graves’ disease before or after the onset of ocular symptoms [1], while about 30-50% patients with Graves’ disease develop orbitopathy [2, 3].”
Background
Assessment of Orbital Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging Biomarkers in Patients with Thyroid Eye Disease
Chaganti, S., Mundy, K. M., DeLisi, M. P., Nelson, K., Harrigan, R. L., Galloway, R. L., Landman, B. A., & Mawn, L. A. (2019) · Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10278-019-00195-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Role of methotrexate in thyroid-related orbitopathy
Rubinov, A., Zommer, H., Aghazadeh, H., & Weis, E. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.07.009 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The VDR gene confers a genetic predisposition to Graves’ disease and Graves’ ophthalmopathy in the Southwest Chinese Han population
Zhou, F., Liang, Z., Wang, X., Tan, G., Wei, W., Zheng, G., Ma, X., Tian, D., Li, H., & Yu, H. (2021) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2021.145750 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Thyroid eye disease- an update
Draman, M. S., & Ludgate, M. E. (2016) · Expert Review of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1080/17469899.2016.1202113 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“having an incidence of approximately 10–16 per million per year with the estimated prevalence of 2–4/10,000 [1].”
Background
Gender differences in clinical presentation and prognosis of thyroid eye disease
Zloto, O., Sagiv, O., Priel, A., Cukierman‐Yaffe, T., Tirosh, A., Agmon‐Levin, N., Madgar, S., Serlin, T., & Simon, G. B. (2020) · European Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1177/1120672120964112 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“31(5) 2717 –2723 © The Author(s) 2020 Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.”
Influential
Outcomes of endoscopic orbital decompression for graves’ ophthalmopathy
Woods, R., Pilson, Q., Kharytaniuk, N., Cassidy, L., Khan, R., & Timon, C. V. I. (2019) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-019-02043-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hyperthyroid monkeys: a nonhuman primate model of experimental Graves' disease
Wang, Y., Wu, L., Fu, J., Lv, H. J., Guan, X. Y., Xu, L., Chen, P., Gao, C., Hou, P., Ji, M. J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-13-0279 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“5 and 2% in women, and it is ten times more common in women than in men (Lazarus 2012).”
Background
Extraocular Muscle Volumetry for Assessment of Thyroid Eye Disease
Bontzos, G., Papadaki, E., Mazonakis, M., Maris, T. G., Tsakalis, N. G., Drakonaki, E. E., & Detorakis, Ε. T. (2021) · Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/wno.0000000000001339 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“ciated with Graves disease (1), and less commonly in Ha-”
Background
Reduced contrast sensitivity function correlated with superficial retinal capillary plexus impairment in early stage of dysthyroid optic neuropathy
Tu, Y., Jin, H., Xu, M., Liu, W., Hu, X., Wang, M., Ye, J., Liu, Z., Gao, M., Hou, F., et al. (2023) · Eye and Vision · doi:10.1186/s40662-023-00328-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The “Quiet TED”—A Special Subgroup of Thyroid Eye Disease
Iñiguez‐Ariza, N. M., Sharma, A. R., Garrity, J. A., & Stan, M. N. (2021) · Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/iop.0000000000001942 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“CAS elements Pain behind the globe 37 (7) 0 (0) 0 (0) Pain with eye movement 16 (3) 0 (0) 0 (0) Eyelids redness 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Eyelids edema 0 (0) 5 (1) 5 (1) Chemosis 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) Conjunctival injection 5 (1) 5 (1) 5 (1) Swollen caruncle 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) CAS score, median (IQR) 1 (0–1) 0 (0–1) 0 (0–1) CAS sc…”
Association of Other Autoimmune Diseases With Thyroid Eye Disease
Kelada, M., Avari, P., Farag, S., Akishar, R., Jain, R., Aziz, A., Feeney, C., Bravis, V., Meeran, K. M., & Lee, V. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.644200 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Thyroid Eye Disease CAS at presentation 1 (1-2) 2 (1-4) 1 (1-2) 0.”
Background
Chitosan inhibits inflammation and adipogenesis of orbital fibroblasts in Graves ophthalmopathy.
Xiong, H., Wu, M., Zou, H., Jiang, S., Yi, H., Yi, T., Wang, Q., Liu, D., Zhou, Y., Wei, C., et al. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
T Cell Subsets are Associated with Clinical Activity and Efficacy of 4.5g Intravenous Glucocorticoid for Moderate-To-Severe Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy
Li, H.-Y., Wang, B., Li, Q., Li, Q., Qiao, J., Lin, D., Sui, C., Lin, Y., Zhai, H., Jiang, B., et al. (2023) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.1080/07435800.2023.2219734 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“TAO occurs in 25–50% of GD patients.(4,5) When TAO patients develop ocular symptoms, approximately 80–90% of patients also have hyperthyroidism, and a few patients (approximately 10%) have hypothyroidism or euthyroidism.”
Background
Is Estrogen a Missing Culprit in Thyroid Eye Disease? Sex Steroid Hormone Homeostasis Is Key to Other Fibrogenic Autoimmune Diseases – Why Not This One?
FitzPatrick, A. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.898138 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Predictive Model for Graves' Ophthalmopathy in Patients with New-Onset Graves' Disease
Ahn, H. Y., Lee, J., & Lee, J. K. (2022) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2022.0280 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Outcome of Radioiodine Therapy in a West African Population
Onimode, Y., Ankrah, A. O., & Adedapo, K. S. (2015) · World Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.4103/1450-1147.167585 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“[16] Other risk factors are middle age, smoking, and RAI therapy.”
Changes in Choroidal Perfusion after Orbital Decompression Surgery for Graves' Ophthalmopathy.
Nik, N. A., Fong, A., Derdzakyan, M., Adamopoulou, C., Sise, A., Khanifar, A. A., & Sanders, R. J. (2017) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.4103/jovr.jovr_165_16 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Otto and colleagues[5] found that before surgical decompression, intraorbital pressure was markedly elevated in patients with GO, with surgery reducing the pressure by a mean of 10 mmHg. Riemann and associates[6] also reported increased intraorbital pressure in patients with GO.”
BackgroundInfluential
Tocilizumab use in pediatric thyroid eye disease: First documented case
Albrashdi, S., Alsharqi, H., Habroosh, F. A., & Eatamadi, H. (2022) · American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101387 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A single-center analysis of visual outcomes and associated factors after intravenous methylprednisolone treatment for dysthyroid optic neuropathy
Kemchoknatee, P., Tangon, D., & Srisombut, T. (2023) · BMC Ophthalmology · doi:10.1186/s12886-023-02789-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Aging increases the risk of severity in thyroid eye disease as found by researchers in both Western and Eastern populations [1, 18, 26, 27].”
Background
Common Immunosuppressive Monotherapy for Graves’ Ophthalmopathy: A Meta-Analysis
Mou, P., Jiang, L., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Lou, H., Zeng, C., Wang, Q., Cheng, J.-W., & Wei, R.-L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139544 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis induces inflammation in Graves’ orbital fibroblasts
Lee, S. J., Kim, J., Ko, J., Lee, E. J., Koh, H. J., & Yoon, J. S. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209583 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Corneal Endothelium: A Promising Quantitative Index for Graves Ophthalmopathy Activity Evaluation
Zhou, M., Wu, D., Yu, F., Hong, S., Ye, J., Wang, C., Li, Y., Du, M., Xiao, H., & Wan, P. (2021) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2021.05.020 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Long-Term Follow-up of Graves Orbitopathy After Treatment With Short- or Long-Term Methimazole or Radioactive Iodine
Azizi, F., Abdi, H., Mehran, L., Perros, P., Masoumi, S., & Amouzegar, A. (2023) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2023.01.006 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Thyroid Hemiagenesis Associated with Graves' Disease: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Cansu, G. B. (2017) · Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest) · doi:10.4183/aeb.2017.342 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Mean age of female was 36±13 years (8-65) and of male was 41±17 years (16-65).”
Background
A pilot study on the use of prednisolone‐encapsulated liposomes for the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe Graves’ orbitopathy with reduced systemic steroid exposure
Detiger, S. E., Kremer, T. M., Dalm, V. A. S. H., de Keizer, R. O. B., Wubbels, R. J., Metselaar, J. M., van Hagen, P. M., Peeters, R. P., & Paridaens, D. A. (2021) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.14751 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy: Management and Treatment
Hennein, L. M., & Robbins, S. L. (2021) · Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility · doi:10.1080/2576117x.2021.1991182 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“9 per 100,000 in males.(4) Despite the higher incidence in females, the ratio for severe TAO is higher in males, at approximately 4.”
Background
Clinical management of alemtuzumab-induced autoimmune thyroid diseases: a narrative review
Manso, J., Muller, I., & Mian, C. (2025) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1530/etj-25-0007 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves ’ orbitopathy, is an orbital autoimmune complication which affects around 30 – 50% of patients with conventional GD (27, 28).”
Redefining Treatment Paradigms in Thyroid Eye Disease: Current and Future Therapeutic Strategies
Ciarmatori, N., Leoni, F. Q., & Leoni, F. M. Q. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14155528 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“With an estimated incidence of 5–20 per 100,000 person-years and a prevalence of approximately 0.25% in Western populations, TED is considered a rare disease [3].”
Influential
The Value of Multidetector Computed Tomography of Orbits in Globe Protrusion in Comparison to Hertel Exophthalmometry
Đorić, I. (2017) · Acta Clinica Croatica · doi:10.20471/acc.2017.56.01.04 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bioinformatic Analysis Identifies Potentially Key Differentially Expressed Genes and Pathways in Orbital Adipose Tissues of Patients with Thyroid Eye Disease
Zhu, F. (2019) · Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest) · doi:10.4183/aeb.2019.1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Sex difference in its incidence has been noted with female having higher risk than male (6-9).”
Background
Clinical relevance of serum immunoglobulin G4 in glucocorticoid therapy of Graves’ ophthalmopathy
Li, Y., Luo, B., Zhang, J., Zhou, X., Shao, S., Xu, W., Yang, Y., & Yuan, G. (2021) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.14493 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Differential Circular RNA Expression Profiling of Orbital Connective Tissue From Patients With Type I and Type II Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy
Ye, H., Sun, A., Xiao, W., Zhang, T., Xu, Z., Shi, L., Sha, X., & Yang, H. (2022) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.63.12.27 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
MRI-based SIR quantitative biomarkers: a novel imaging diagnostic strategy for thyroid eye disease activity staging
Cai, M., Yang, J., Li, X., Hu, Y., Liao, H., & Xiong, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1650116 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Disparities in the Presentation and Treatment of Graves’ Disease and Thyroid Eye Disease
Vargason, C. W., Chelnis, J. G., Barahimi, B., & Mawn, L. A. (2016) · Seminars in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1080/08820538.2016.1185322 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“There is a gender-specific bimodal peak in age at disease presentation, where peak incidence occurred at ages 40–44 and 60–64 in women and ages 45–49 and 65–69 in men.(10) TED is most commonly associatedwith hyperthyroidism; however, it can also be associated with hypothyroid and euthyroid states.”
BackgroundInfluential
Geometric and Volumetric Measurements of Orbital Structures in CT Scans in Thyroid Eye Disease Classification
Bao, Y., Zhang, Z., Li, C., Ma, H., Yin, P., Wang, Y., Luo, G., & Lu, R. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11114873 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“About 25–50% of patients with Graves’ disease will have TED [1,2].”
Background
Application of an Interpretable Machine Learning for Estimating Severity of Graves’ Orbitopathy Based on Initial Finding
Lee, S.-H., Yu, J. Y., Kim, Y., Kim, M., & Lew, H. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12072640 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“GO has unique characteristics in different ethnic groups, and its clinical presentations vary according to age, sex, smoking status, and other external factors [4].”
Background
Orbital flourine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with Graves’ disease for evaluation of active inflammation
Uslu, L., Kabasakal, L., Sağer, S., Cicik, E., Asa, S., & Sönmezoğlu, K. (2017) · Nuclear Medicine Communications · doi:10.1097/mnm.0000000000000737 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Predictive scores in autoimmune thyroid disease: are they useful?
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Authors: Lazarus, J. H.
Affiliations: University Hospital of Wales (GB)
Corresponding author: Lazarus, John H.
ORCID: Lazarus, John H.
Venue: Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2012-06
Volume: 26
Issue: 3
Pages: 273-279
ISSN: 1521-690X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2011.10.005
OpenAlex: W2055167616
Cited by: 182
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 7
FWCI: 1.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Myasthenia Gravis and Thymoma
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Ocular Disorders and Treatments
Keywords: Graves' ophthalmopathy, incidence, prevalence, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid dysfunction, sex differences, cigarette smoking, radioiodine therapy, genetic susceptibility, risk factors, Olmsted County
MeSH terms: Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Child, Female, Graves Disease, Humans, Male, Minnesota, Thyroid Diseases, Global Health, Incidence, Smoking Cessation, Sex Distribution, Graves Ophthalmopathy, Hashimoto Disease

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Epidemiology of Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) and relationship with thyroid disease

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