The Premonitory Urge to Tic: Measurement, Characteristics, and Correlates in Older Adolescents and Adults
Open accessAbstract
In addition to motor and/or vocal tics, many individuals with Tourette syndrome (TS) or chronic tic disorder (CTD) report frequent, uncomfortable sensory phenomena that immediately precede the tics. To date, examination of these premonitory sensations or urges has been limited by inconsistent assessment tools. In this paper, we examine the psychometric properties of a nine-item self-report measure, the Premonitory Urge to Tic Scale (PUTS) and examine the characteristics and correlates of the premonitory urge to tic in a clinical sample of 122 older adolescents and adults with TS or CTD. The PUTS demonstrated adequate internal consistency, temporal stability, and concurrent validity. Premonitory urges were endorsed by the majority of individuals. Most individuals reported some relief from the urges after completing a tic and being able to stop their tics even if only temporarily. Degree of premonitory urges was not significantly correlated with age, and we did not observe any gender differences. Degree of premonitory urges was significantly correlated with estimated IQ and tic severity, but not severity of comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Also, it was not related to concomitant medication status. These findings represent another step forward in our understanding of the premonitory sensations associated with TS and CTD.
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Sensory phenomena are prevalent in Tourette syndrome, where they manifest as premonitory urges or sensory tics in a specific body part before a tic.
“SP are also prevalent in Tourette syndrome (TS) [22, 73], in which they manifest as premonitory urges or “sensory tics” [79] in a specific body part prior to a tic.”
From Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [79]
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- Authors
- Reese, H. E., Scahill, L., Peterson, A. L., Crowe, K., Woods, D. W., Piacentini, J., Walkup, J. T., & Wilhelm, S.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Emory University (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Reese, Hannah E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-03
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 177-186
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4445415
- OpenAlex
- W2018157180
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 11.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Bowdoin - Digital Commons (Bowdoin College) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH069875, R01MH069874, R01MH069877)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- Tourette syndrome, chronic tic disorders, tic severity, obsessive-compulsive disorder comorbidity, ADHD comorbidity, tic suppression, psychometric properties
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Behavior Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Psychometrics, Severity of Illness Index, Tic Disorders, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult, Self Report, Anticipation, Psychological
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