Comparison of osteointegration property between PEKK and PEEK: Effects of surface structure and chemistry
Abstract
Weak osteointegration affects the long-term stability of polyaryletherketone (PAEK) implants. Surface modification provides a potential solution to improve the osteointegration property of PAEKs. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) are two representative PAEK materials, but the latter has more ketone groups and better potential for surface chemical modification than the former. In this work, porous PEKK (PEKK-P) and PEEK (PEEK-P) were fabricated by a porogen leaching method. The samples were treated with 80% sulfuric acid (PEKK-SP and PEEK-SP) and then simulated body fluid (SBF) incubation (PEKK-BSP and PEEK-BSP). More micropores and higher hydrophilic SO 3 H groups were found on PEKK-SP than PEEK-SP. Likely, more bone-like apatite crystals deposited on PEKK-BSP than PEEK-BSP. To evaluate their osteointegration properties, the samples were implanted in femoral condyle defects (Φ3 × 4 mm 3) of rat models, and micro-computed tomography (μ-CT), histology and mechanical analyzes were performed on the retrieved specimens. For control groups, i.e. the dense samples (PEKK-D and PEEK-D), only a handful of bone creeping growth on the implant surface was seen on them. However, with the interconnected macropores, surface micro/nano topography and bone-like apatite, notable bone growth into the inner pores was observed on PEKK-BSP and PEEK-BSP. Furthermore, quantitative analyses confirmed that the newly formed bone in PEKK-BSP was nearly more than doubled than that in PEEK-BSP. The push-out force testing results (PEKK-D ≈ PEEK-D < PEKK-P ≈ PEEK-P < PEEK-BSP < PEKK-BSP) suggested that the surface chemical modification (sulfonation treatment followed by SBF incubation) along with build-in porous structure played more important role in enhancing the mechanical stability of both PAEK materials than just the physical structure change. Our results revealed that PEKK with more ketone groups allowed easier sulfonation and better bone-like apatite deposition than PEEK, thus endowing PEKK-BSP with better osteointegration and mechanical stability than PEEK-BSP. Therefore, surface modified PEKK could be potential candidate for spinal and orthopedic applications requiring good osteointegration property.
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PEKK has a lower melt viscosity, making it easier to work with during printing, and its printing temperature is slightly lower than that of PEEK.
“Additionally, PEKK has a lower melt viscosity, making it easier to work with during printing. Furthermore, the printing temperature of PEKK is slightly lower than that of PEEK.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [215]
PEKK features an additional ketone group in its chemical structure compared to PEEK.
“In comparison to PEEK, PEKK features an additional ketone group in its chemical structure.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [215]
PEKK offers superior thermal stability with a higher glass transition temperature (Tg) at around 162°C, in contrast to PEEK's Tg of about 143°C.
“PEKK offers superior thermal stability, boasting a higher glass transition temperature (Tg) at around 162 ◦ C in contrast to PEEK, with a Tg of about 143 ◦ C.”
From A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction (2024) · cites this paper as [215]
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Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK): An emerging biomaterial for oral implants and dental prostheses
Alqurashi, H., Khurshid, Z., Syed, A. U. Y., Rashid Habib, S., Rokaya, D., & Zafar, M. S. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2020.09.004 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
A comprehensive review of lunar-based manufacturing and construction
Azami, M., Kazemi, Z., Moazen, S., Dubé, M., Potvin, M.-J., & Skonieczny, K. (2024) · Progress in Aerospace Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2024.101045 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yuan, B., Cheng, Q., Zhao, R., Zhu, X., Yang, X., Yang, X., Zhang, K., Song, Y., & Zhang, X.
- Affiliations
- Sichuan University (CN)
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhu, Xiangdong
- Zhang, Kai
- Venue
- Biomaterials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-07
- Volume
- 170
- Pages
- 116-126
- ISSN
- 0142-9612 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2797771381
- Cited by
- 204
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 7.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biomaterials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1102000, 2016YFC1102001, 2016YFC1102004)
- Provincial Key Technology Support Program of Sichuan (2015SZ0026)
- 111” Project of China (B16033)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Orthopaedic implants and arthroplasty
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Dental Implant Techniques and Outcomes
- Keywords
- osseointegration, PEEK, PEKK, sulfonation, surface modification, porous implants, porogen leaching, simulated body fluid, femoral condyle defect, push-out force, bone ingrowth, orthopedic implants
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Apatites, Benzophenones, Body Fluids, Elements, Female, Ketones, Polyethylene Glycols, Polymers, Surface Properties, Water, Porosity, Osseointegration, Weight-Bearing, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, X-Ray Microtomography
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