The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Biological effects from electromagnetic field exposure and public exposure standards
Abstract
During recent years there has been increasing public concern on potential health risks from power-frequency fields (extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields; ELF) and from radiofrequency/microwave radiation emissions (RF) from wireless communications. Non-thermal (low-intensity) biological effects have not been considered for regulation of microwave exposure, although numerous scientific reports indicate such effects. The BioInitiative Report is based on an international research and public policy initiative to give an overview of what is known of biological effects that occur at low-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMFs) exposure. Health endpoints reported to be associated with ELF and/or RF include childhood leukaemia, brain tumours, genotoxic effects, neurological effects and neurodegenerative diseases, immune system deregulation, allergic and inflammatory responses, breast cancer, miscarriage and some cardiovascular effects. The BioInitiative Report concluded that a reasonable suspicion of risk exists based on clear evidence of bioeffects at environmentally relevant levels, which, with prolonged exposures may reasonably be presumed to result in health impacts. Regarding ELF a new lower public safety limit for habitable space adjacent to all new or upgraded power lines and for all other new constructions should be applied. A new lower limit should also be used for existing habitable space for children and/or women who are pregnant. A precautionary limit should be adopted for outdoor, cumulative RF exposure and for cumulative indoor RF fields with considerably lower limits than existing guidelines, see the BioInitiative Report. The current guidelines for the US and European microwave exposure from mobile phones, for the brain are 1.6 W/Kg and 2 W/Kg, respectively. Since use of mobile phones is associated with an increased risk for brain tumour after 10 years, a new biologically based guideline is warranted. Other health impacts associated with exposure to electromagnetic fields not summarized here may be found in the BioInitiative Report at www.bioinitiative.org.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the FCC has earmarked the 401–406 MHz bands for Medical Device Radio Communication Service (MDRC), with varying channel bandwidths between 100 and 300 kHz (Hardell and Sage, 2008; Stam, 2018; Soliman et al., 2021).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Hardell and Sage, 2008
Citations
Cites
Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle 1896-2000
MacGarvin, M., Lambert, B. E., Infante, P. F., Greenberg, M., Gee, D., Koppe, J. G., Keys, J. G., Farman, J. C., Ibarreta, D., Swan, S. H., et al. (2001) · Figshare · Cited by 754
Magnetic-field-induced DNA strand breaks in brain cells of the rat.
Lai, H. C., & Singh, N. P. (2004) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.6355 · Cited by 345
Long-term use of cellular phones and brain tumours: increased risk associated with use for ⩾10 years
Hardell, L., Carlberg, M., Söderqvist, F., Mild, K. H., & Morgan, L. L. (2007) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.2006.029751 · Cited by 213
Self-citationHardell, L., Carlberg, M., & Mild, K. H. (2006) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-006-0088-5 · Cited by 204
Self-citationPhillips, J. L., Ivaschuk, O. I., Ishida-Jones, T., Jones, R. A., Campbell-Beachler, M., & Haggren, W. (1998) · Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/s0302-4598(98)00074-9 · Cited by 151
Blackman, C. F., Kundi, M., Carpenter, D., Gee, D., Mild, K. H., Xu, Z., & Sage, S. A. (2007) · Cited by 125
Hardell, L., Carlberg, M., & Mild, K. H. (2006) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.28.2.509 · Cited by 122
Self-citationPublic Health Impact of Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields
Kheifets, L., Afifi, A. A., & Shimkhada, R. (2006) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.8977 · Cited by 102
Environmental risk factors for sporadic acoustic neuroma (Interphone Study Group, Germany)
Schlehofer, B., Schlaefer, K., Blettner, M., Berg‐Beckhoff, G., Böhler, E., Hettinger, I., Kunna-Grass, K., Wahrendorf, J., & Schüz, J. (2007) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.05.008 · Cited by 93
Use of mobile phones in Norway and risk of intracranial tumours
Klæboe, L., Blaasaas, K. G., & Tynes, T. (2007) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/01.cej.0000203616.77183.4c · Cited by 83
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Scinicariello, 2007, Genetic heterogeneity and its effect on susceptibility to environmental factors, Eur J Oncol, 12, 155
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Iuliis, G. N. D., Newey, R. J., King, B. V., & Aitken, R. J. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006446 · Cited by 452
Barman, S. D., Reza, A. W., Kumar, N., Karim, M. E., & Munir, A. B. (2015) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.031 · Cited by 305
Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data
Khurana, V. G., Teo, C., Kundi, M., Hardell, L., & Carlberg, M. (2009) · Surgical Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2009.01.019 · Cited by 272
Self-citationDual‐Functional Graphene Composites for Electromagnetic Shielding and Thermal Management
Kargar, F., Barani, Z., Balinskiy, M., Magana, A. S., Lewis, J. S., & Balandin, A. A. (2018) · Advanced Electronic Materials · doi:10.1002/aelm.201800558 · Cited by 235
Desai, N. R., Kesari, K. K., & Agarwal, A. K. (2009) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/1477-7827-7-114 · Cited by 199
Metadata
- Authors
- Hardell, L., & Sage, C.
- Affiliations
- Örebro University Hospital (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Hardell, Lennart
- ORCID
- Hardell, Lennart
- Venue
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 104-109
- ISSN
- 0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2153114746
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 10.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Magnetic and Electromagnetic Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular and Laser Science Research
- Keywords
- extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, microwave irradiation, non-thermal biological effects, public exposure limits, power transmission lines, mobile phone radiation, pediatric leukemia, precautionary principle, electromagnetic field regulation, genotoxicity, neurodegenerative diseases
- MeSH terms
- Child, Electromagnetic Fields, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Maximum Allowable Concentration, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced, Pregnancy, Radiation Monitoring, Radio Waves, Risk Assessment, Cell Phone
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Biological effects from electromagnetic field exposure and public exposure standards. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.biopha.2007.12.004
- The paper
- Hardell, L., & Sage, C. (2008). Biological effects from electromagnetic field exposure and public exposure standards. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2007.12.004
