CD19 CAR-expressing iPSC-derived NK cells effectively enhance migration and cytotoxicity into glioblastoma by targeting to the pericytes in tumor microenvironment
Open accessAbstract
In cancer immunotherapy, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeting specific antigens have become a powerful tool for cell-based therapy. CAR-natural killer (NK) cells offer selective anticancer lysis with reduced off-tumor toxicity compared to CAR-T cells, which is beneficial in the heterogeneous milieu of solid tumors. In the tumor microenvironment (TME) of glioblastoma (GBM), pericytes not only support tumor growth but also contribute to immune evasion, underscoring their potential as therapeutic targets in GBM treatment. Given this context, our study aimed to target the GBM TME, with a special focus on pericytes expressing CD19, to evaluate the potential effectiveness of CD19 CAR-iNK cells against GBM. We performed CD19 CAR transduction in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NK (iNK) cells. To determine whether CD19 CAR targets the TME pericytes in GBM, we developed GBM-blood vessel assembloids (GBVA) by fusing GBM spheroids with blood vessel organoids. When co-cultured with GBVA, CD19 CAR-iNK cells migrated towards the pericytes surrounding the GBM. Using a microfluidic chip, we demonstrated CD19 CAR-iNK cells' targeted action and cytotoxic effects in a perfusion-like environment. GBVA xenografts recapitulated the TME including human CD19-positive pericytes, thereby enabling the application of an in vivo model for validating the efficacy of CD19 CAR-iNK cells against GBM. Compared to GBM spheroids, the presence of pericytes significantly enhanced CD19 CAR-iNK cell mig…
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Assembloids have been applied to model complex inter-organ interactions, including vascularized tumour systems and brain-immune interfaces, enabling functional readouts such as immune infiltration and therapeutic response.
“Assembloids have recently been applied to model complex inter-organ interactions, including vascularized tumour systems and brain-immune interfaces, thereby enabling functional readouts such as immune infiltration and therapeutic response 19,20 .”
From Vascularized human skin assembloids model compartmental skin organization and immune responsiveness in vitro (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
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Pericytes: jack-of-all-trades in cancer-related inflammation
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New power in cancer immunotherapy: the rise of chimeric antigen receptor macrophage (CAR-M)
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CAR Beyond αβ T Cells: Unleashing NK Cells, Macrophages, and γδ T Lymphocytes Against Solid Tumors
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Natural killer cell membrane manipulation for augmented immune synapse and anticancer efficacy
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Self-citationGenetically stable multi-gene edited iPSCs-derived NK cells for enhanced cancer immunotherapy
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Cell and tissue reprogramming: Unlocking a new era in medical drug discovery
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Pre-Clinical Models for CAR T-Cell Therapy for Glioma
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Evolving from organoid to assembloid with enhanced cellular interactions
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Prospects and applications of NK therapy in the treatment of gliomas (Review)
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Advancing glioblastoma immunotherapy: Molecular pathways and innovative therapeutic strategies
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Mechanisms and strategies for reversing NK cell exhaustion in tumor immunotherapy
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Potential Application of CAR-NK Cells as an Ex Vivo Therapy for T-cell-related Diseases
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Immune–angiogenic crosstalk in glioblastoma: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities
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Assessment of cytotoxicity of human CAR-NK cells against various canine tumor cell lines
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Self-citationNeuroimmune communication: from CNS-resident cell networks to the glioblastoma microenvironment
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- Authors
- Kong, D., Kwon, D., Moon, B., Kim, D.-H., Kim, M.-J., Choi, J., & Kang, K.-S.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Kang, Kyung-Sun
- Venue
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-05
- Volume
- 174
- Pages
- 116436
- ISSN
- 0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4392938843
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 6
- FWCI
- 5.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Seoul National University
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University
- Ministry of Health and Welfare (22A0101L1, BT220002, 22A0101L1-11)
- Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › CAR-T cell therapy research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Cell Function and Interaction
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Keywords
- CD19, chimeric antigen receptor, CAR-NK cells, glioblastoma, pericytes, tumor microenvironment, NK cell migration, cytotoxicity, blood vessel organoids, tumor spheroids, xenograft models, cancer immunotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen, Animals, Brain Neoplasms, Cell Movement, Glioblastoma, Humans, Killer Cells, Natural, Immunotherapy, Adoptive, Antigens, CD19, Pericytes, Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Tumor Microenvironment
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