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Effects of D-Cycloserine on Extinction: Translation From Preclinical to Clinical Work
Abstract
Administration of benzodiazepines or serotonin reuptake inhibitors in combination with behavior therapy for the treatment of many anxiety disorders has generally lead to only modest gains. In this article we suggest that pharmacotherapy aimed not at treating the symptoms of anxiety but instead aimed at improving the learning that takes place in exposure therapy might actually improve the effectiveness of exposure therapy. This idea was based on animal work showing that the partial N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) agonist D-cycloserine (DCS) facilitated extinction of fear when given either before or shortly after exposure to fearful cues, reduced return of fear that is normally seen when extinction training is followed by stress, and led to generalized extinction, where DCS given in combination with exposure to one fearful cue led to extinction to another cue previously paired with the same aversive event. These finding suggested that DCS might facilitate exposure-based psychotherapy, which was verified in a small clinical study showing that DCS facilitated exposure therapy for fear of heights in a well-controlled virtual reality environment.
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“Similar impairments of fear recall and additional enhancements of fear extinction are observed following acute antibiotic exposure in humans and rodents (Bach et al., 2018;Davis et al., 2006;Rodrigues et al., 2014).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Davis et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Preclinical research has demonstrated that DCS facilitates extinction learning and memory in rodent models (Davis et al, 2006; Ledgerwood et al, 2003; Walker et al, 2002).”
From D-cycloserine augmentation of exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: a pilot randomized clinical trial (2014) · cites this paper as Davis et al, 2006
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Neurochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying the retrieval-extinction effect
Cahill, E., & Milton, A. L. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5121-3 · Cited by 44
“…partial agonist D-cycloserine (DCS) was shown to potentiate NMDAR-mediated signalling when administered after extinction training (for review, see Davis et al. 2006) and has been shown to enhance the consolidation of extinction for a cuefear memory (Lee et al. 2006; Toth et al. 2012; Merlo et…”
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Drug development in schizophrenia
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“Although D-cycloserine has produced inconsistent results in add-on trials involving daily dosing, an extensive animal literature demonstrates memory enhancement following a single D-cycloserine dose [74] which is lost with repeated dosing [75,76].”
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Baker, D. G., Nievergelt, C. M., & Risbrough, V. B. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs · doi:10.1517/14728210902972494 · Cited by 39
“These include: i) mitigation of global reduction of symptoms and general anxiety levels in individuals with chronic PTSD, predicated on normalizing putative underlying pathological processes; ii) mitigation of targeted symptoms, for example, sleep, nightmares and irritability, predicated on modifying biological proces…”
BackgroundExtinction retention predicts improvement in social anxiety symptoms following exposure therapy
Berry, A. C., Rosenfield, D., & Smits, J. A. J. (2008) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20511 · Cited by 40
GOFF, D. C. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666160225154812 · Cited by 40
“The lack of cognitive effect found in clinical trials with glycine site agonists in schizophrenia is in marked contrast to a large animal literature in which DCS consistently enhances memory [39].”
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“NMDA partial agonist D-cycloserine can enhance extinction of learned fear (Davis et al., 2006).”
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Self-citationFrom antipsychotic to anti-schizophrenia drugs: role of animal models
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Peripheral effects of vagus nerve stimulation on anxiety and extinction of conditioned fear in ratsPreprint
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“Rather than treating symptoms alone, exposure therapy provides opportunities to extinguish conditioned fear associations (Bouton 1988; Ressler et al. 2004; Davis et al. 2006; Powers et al. 2009).”
BackgroundThe Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Regulating Social Familiarity-Induced Anxiolysis
Lungwitz, E. A., Stuber, G. D., Johnson, P. L., Dietrich, A. D., Schartz, N. D., Hanrahan, B., Shekhar, A., & Truitt, W. A. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.302 · Cited by 39
“…enhanced (reduction in the number of pairings) in numerous animal and human studies by D-cycloserine, an allosteric NMDA receptor partial agonist (Davis et al, 2006; Ganasen et al, 2010; Gupta et al, 2013; Hofmann et al, 2006a, 2006b; Myers and Carlezon, 2012; Walker et al, 2002; Watson et al,…”
BackgroundPharmacotherapy of Social Anxiety Disorder
Ganasen, K. A., & Stein, D. J. (2009) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2009_1 · Cited by 38
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“studies in simple and social phobia have found that D-cycloserine significantly enhances the effects of CBT in these populations.(58,59) Though there have been some encouraging findings using this strategy for OCD,(60) the results have been inconsistent overall, and the approach remains experimental, requiring further…”
ResultSartori, S. B., Maurer, V., Murphy, C. P., Schmuckermair, C., Muigg, P., Neumann, I. D., Whittle, N., & Singewald, N. (2015) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv128 · Cited by 37
“…receptor agonist, has shown promise in augmenting exposure therapy of anxiety disorders, including specific phobias and social anxiety disorder, by strengthening the crucial learning processes underlying extinction (Davis et al., 2006; Hofmann et al., 2013; Singewald et al., 2015).”
Effects of D-Cycloserine Administration on Weekly Nonemotional Memory Tasks in Healthy Participants
Otto, M. W., Basden, S. L., McHugh, R. K., Kantak, K. M., Deckersbach, T., Cather, C., GOFF, D. C., Hofmann, S. G., Berry, A. C., & Smits, J. A. J. (2008) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000172620 · Cited by 37
“This strategy for enhancing extinction-based learning is well grounded in animal research showing that DCS can improve fear extinction learning [”
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Patin, A., & Hurlemann, R. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.004 · Cited by 36
Kuriyama, K., Honma, M., Yoshiike, T., & Kim, Y. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.045 · Cited by 36
“DCS is not anxiolytic but acts at the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of NMDA glutamate receptors (Davis et al., 2006); thus, it may extinguish conditioned fear by accelerating delayed fear memory consolidation.”
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Pharmacological enhancement of drug cue extinction learning: translational challenges
Kantak, K. M., & Dhonnchadha, B. Á. N. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05899.x · Cited by 35
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Metabolomics reveals distinct neurochemical profiles associated with stress resilience
Dulka, B. N., Bourdon, A. K., Clinard, C. T., Muvvala, M., Campagna, S. R., & Cooper, M. A. (2017) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.08.001 · Cited by 34
“While partial agonists at the glycine site on NMDA receptors have been proposed as cognitive enhancers to facilitate cognitive behavioral therapy (Davis et al., 2006), systemic administration of D-serine induces oxidative stress in the rat brain (Armagan et al., 2011).”
D‐cycloserine‐augmented one‐session treatment of specific phobias in children and adolescents
Farrell, L. J., Waters, A. M., Oar, E. L., Tiralongo, E., Garbharran, V., Alston‐Knox, C., McConnell, H. W., Collings, N., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Donovan, C. L., et al. (2018) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.984 · Cited by 33
Immersive 3D exposure-based treatment for spider fear: A randomized controlled trial
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Brain mechanisms controlling Pavlovian fear conditioning.
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Monte, F. H. D., Allensworth, M. L., & Carobrez, A. P. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.014 · Cited by 35
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“This may be one explanation why reports on the ability of DCS to enhance extinction memory in drug addicts are relatively sparse by comparison to those in patients with anxiety disorders (Davis et al., 2006; Kantak and Nic Dhonnchadha, 2011), as extinction of drugassociated cues may pose a greater challenge in addicts…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLin, H., Mao, S.-C., Su, C.-L., & Gean, P. (2009) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145709990678 · Cited by 34
D-CYCLOSERINE ENHANCES GENERALIZATION OF FEAR EXTINCTION IN CHILDREN
Byrne, S., Rapee, R. M., Richardson, R., Malhi, G. S., Jones, M., & Hudson, J. L. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22356 · Cited by 33
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“In addition, more CET sessions would also lead to more doses of DCS and animal and human studies have shown that DCS loses its ability to facilitate extinction with chronic dosing ( Davis et al. 2006 ).”
BackgroundPharmacotherapy in the Aftermath of Trauma; Opportunities in the ‘Golden Hours’
Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Zhohar, J., & Krugers, H. J. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0455-y · Cited by 34
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“In addition to facilitating fear extinction [98, 99], DCS has also been shown to facilitate fear memory consolidation in animals [100] and humans [101].”
BackgroundFrom non-pharmacological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder to novel therapeutic targets
Hendriksen, H., Olivier, B., & Oosting, R. S. (2014) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.031 · Cited by 35
“The partial NMDA receptor agonist D-cycloserine facilitates the extinction process demonstrating the importance of this receptor (Davis et al., 2006).”
BackgroundImmersive 3D exposure-based treatment for spider fear: a randomized controlled trial
Minns, S., Levihn-Coon, A., Carl, E., Smits, J. A. J., Miller, W., Howard, D., Papini, S., Quiroz, S., Lee-Furman, E., Telch, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.05.006 · Cited by 31
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Metabolomics signatures of acutely ill and short-term weight recovered women with anorexia nervosa
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Dose Timing of D -Cycloserine to Augment Exposure Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Smits, J. A. J., Pollack, M. H., Rosenfield, D., Otto, M. W., Dowd, S. M., Carpenter, J. K., Dutcher, C. D., Lewis, E. M., Witcraft, S. M., Papini, S., et al. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6777 · Cited by 32
Extinction: New Excitement for an Old Phenomenon
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A mechanism-oriented approach to psychopathology: The role of Pavlovian conditioning
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Facilitation of extinction of operant behaviour in mice by d-cycloserine
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“Findings in laboratory animals have been replicated in anxiety patients, indicating that DCS may have clinical utility (Davis et al. 2006).”
BackgroundJacquart, J., Roquet, R. F., Papini, S., Powers, M. B., Rosenfield, D., Smits, J. A. J., & Monfils, M. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.05.010 · Cited by 35
“For example, following early work relating the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor to fear extinction retention (Davis et al., 2006; Walker, Ressler, Lu, & Davis, 2002), experiments in rodents and clinical trials in humans have since shown that, when administered prior to a training or therapy…”
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Casey, B. J., Pattwell, S. S., Glatt, C. E., & Lee, F. S. (2012) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-052611-130408 · Cited by 33
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“At least one clinical trial is examining the ability of Dcycloserine (DCS), an antibiotic that has been shown to facilitate memory and extinction of memory (reviewed in Davis et al., 2006), to improve outcome of CBT and exposure therapy.”
Ebrahimi, C., Gechter, J., Lueken, U., Schlagenhauf, F., Wïttchen, H., Hamm, A. O., & Ströhle, A. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0552-z · Cited by 32
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“DCS has been implicated in the consolidation of new learning during extinction and, thereby, memory enhancement by acting on the NMDA receptors in the amygdala [8,9].”
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“Other studies attempt to “erase” the memory by either extinguishing the preconsolidated memory shortly after the trauma [61] or attenuating reconsolidation of the memory by administering propranolol after a brief reminder of the trauma [62–65].”
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“Finally, while the literature indicates that DCS enhances extinction-based learning in animal models (Davis et al. 2006) and in humans (Hofmann et al.”
BackgroundJessen, M., Frederiksen, K., Yi, F., Clausen, R. P., Hansen, K. B., Bräuner‐Osborne, H., Kilburn, P., & Damholt, A. B. (2017) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/mol.117.108944 · Cited by 26
“DCS can enhance extinction of fear in both rodents and humans (Walker et al., 2002; Ressler et al., 2004; Davis et al., 2006; Gupta et al., 2013), and this effect has been linked to its”
BackgroundNew Approaches to Addiction Treatment Based on Learning and Memory
Kiefer, F., & Dinter, C. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_147 · Cited by 29
A HIGH-THROUGHPUT CLINICAL ASSAY FOR TESTING DRUG FACILITATION OF EXPOSURE THERAPY
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“[1–7] In these studies, DCS was typically given shortly before exposure sessions in a standard or abbreviated treatment.”
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“Several fields of psychiatry have incorporated medication-facilitated cue-exposure therapies to enhance success rates, with the most notable achievement seen in phobia treatment (Davis et al. 2006; Ressler et al. 2004).”
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Subtype-Specific Agonists for NMDA Receptor Glycine Binding Sites
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“See Table 1 for a summary of experimental procedures.”
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“Studies showing facilitative effects of DCS on extinction learning have focused mainly on conditioned fear in animals and anxiety disorders in humans (Davis et al., 2006).”
BackgroundLyons, D. N., Zhang, L., Pandya, J. D., Danaher, R. J., Ma, F., Miller, C. S., Sullivan, P. G., Sirbu, C., & Westlund, K. N. (2017) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000515 · Cited by 24
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“Further repeated exposure to the CS in the absence of the US typically results in extinction of the defensive behavior, a process that has been lever-aged to improve exposure therapies for humans (Ressler et al., 2004; Davis et al., 2006; Hofmann et al., 2006).”
BackgroundCryan, J. F., & Dev, K. K. (2008) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s1569-7339(07)00013-6 · Cited by 25
Ana, E. J. S., Prisciandaro, J. J., Saladin, M. E., McRae‐Clark, A. L., Shaftman, S. R., Nietert, P. J., & Brady, K. T. (2015) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12191 · Cited by 24
“In the current study, 50mg of DCS was administered 30minutes prior to the first CE trial based on studies showing that maximal effect of DCS is during the acquisition and consolidation phases of extinction learning.(37) In other studies that examined the effect of DCS on drug-related cues (e.”
MethodAccelerated Resolution Therapy (ART): a Review and Research to Date
Waits, W. M., Marumoto, M., & Weaver, J. J. (2017) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0765-y · Cited by 24
Lonsdorf, T. B., Haaker, J., Fadai, T., & Kalisch, R. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3338-8 · Cited by 27
“Based on the idea of sustained versus phasic fear responses (Grillon et al. 2004a; Davis et al. 2010), a general linear model (for details, see Friston et al. 2006) with a total of 28 regressors was set up for statistical first-level (single-subject) analysis: one regressor per CXT type (UCXT,…”
MethodPillay, N., & Stein, D. J. (2007) · Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs · doi:10.1517/14728214.12.4.541 · Cited by 24
“DCS binds to a glycine regulatory site and by so doing activates the ability of the NMDA receptor to change calcium levels, which triggers various intracellular activities that are critical for learning [98] .”
BackgroundThe effect of D-cycloserine on immediate vs. delayed extinction of learned fearPreprint
Langton, J. M., & Richardson, R. (2010) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1927310 · Cited by 24
“Based on the relative lack of evidence that DCS facilitates fear conditioning compared to extinction, Davis et al. (2005, 2006) proposed that repeated presentations of aversive stimuli (that occur during fear conditioning, for example) may increase endogenous levels of glycine and D-serine such…”
BackgroundSelf-citationFarrell, L. J., Waters, A. M., Tiralongo, E., Mathieu, S., McKenzie, M., Garbharran, V., Ware, R. S., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., McConnell, H., Lavell, C., et al. (2022) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23242 · Cited by 23
Moïse-Richard, A., Ménard, L., Bouchard, S., & Leclercq, A.-L. (2021) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jfludis.2021.105830 · Cited by 22
“It was inspired by fear extinction principles (Davis et al., 2006), an approach that has evolved into what is now referred to as inhibitory learning (Craske et al.”
Backgroundd-Cycloserine enhances the bidirectional range of NMDAR-dependent hippocampal synaptic plasticity
Vestring, S., Dorner, A., Scholliers, J., Ehrenberger, K., Kiss, A., Arenz, L., Theiß, A., Rossner, P., Frase, S., du Vinage, C., et al. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02725-7 · Cited by 24
“In animal models, many studies have found an amygdala-based facilitation of fear extinction and extinction retention and a reduction in reinstatement of learned fear after extinction by DCS [9].”
BackgroundPradhan, B., Kluewer-DAmico, J., Makani, R. D., & Parikh, T. (2015) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.1046101 · Cited by 23
Anxiolytic effects of endocannabinoid enhancing compounds: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Kwee, C., Leen, N. A., der Kamp, R. C. V., Lissa, C. J. V., Cath, D. C., Groenink, L., & Baas, J. M. P. (2023) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.04.001 · Cited by 24
Towards Medication-Enhancement of Cognitive Interventions in Schizophrenia
Chou, H., Twamley, E. W., & Swerdlow, N. R. (2012) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25758-2_4 · Cited by 24
“…(DCS) was selected both based on its potential ability to compensate for a proposed NMDA receptor hypofunction in SZ, and because DCS has been reported to facilitate extinction (Davis et al. 2006), and to enhance memory consolidation in SZ patients after a single dose (Goff et al. 2008).”
BackgroundExposure Techniques: The Role of Extinction Learning
Urcelay, G. P. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3342-2_4 · Cited by 26
The Psychobiology of Resilience
Stein, D. J. (2009) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900027280 · Cited by 22
Tresserra, M. P., Martí‐Nicolovius, M., Guillazo‐Blanch, G., Boadas‐Vaello, P., & Vale-Martı́nez, A. (2012) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2012.11.003 · Cited by 23
“Although DCS is a commonly studied cognitive enhancer, its mechanisms of action are not completely understood (Davis et al., 2006).”
Su, S., Xiao, Z., Lin, Z., Qiu, Y., Jin, Y., & Wang, Z. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.038 · Cited by 21
“It has been reported that BDNF contributes to learning fear inhibition (Davis et al., 2006; Heldt et al., 2007; Lu et al., 2008).”
BackgroundJanezic, E. M., Uppalapati, S., Nagl, S., Contreras, M., French, E. D., & Fellous, J. (2016) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000270 · Cited by 23
“There is also evidence to suggest that CBT may be enhanced when used in tandem with pharmacological treatment (Davis et al., 2006; Cloitre, 2009).”
Wang, W., Ju, Y., Zhou, Q., Tang, J.-X., Li, M., Zhang, L., Kang, S., Chen, Z.-G., Wang, Y., Ji, H., et al. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3859-16.2017 · Cited by 21
“Extinction of such memory has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of drug addiction (Barad, 2005; Davis et al., 2006; Hofmann et al., 2006).”
BackgroundD-Serine in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: New Advances
Durrant, A. R., & Heresco‐Levy, U. (2014) · Advances in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2014/859735 · Cited by 21
“, virtual reality exposure therapy) for height phobia [125, 126].”
BackgroundA Case for Translation From the Clinic to the Laboratory
Kredlow, M. A., de Voogd, L. D., & Phelps, E. A. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211039852 · Cited by 25
“…studies have found decreases in psychophysiological responses to fearrelated stimuli before and after exposure therapy (e.g., Côté & Bouchard, 2005; Davis et al., 2006), whereas others have not (e.g., Diemer et al., 2014; Kircanski et al., 2012), and there is also evidence that this may vary by…”
BackgroundToward a new treatment for traumatic memories.
Dębiec, J., & Altemus, M. M. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 20
Kapolowicz, M. R., & Thompson, L. T. (2016) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2016.09.010 · Cited by 20
“Rats were treated with a single acute does of DCS, as evidence suggests that the drug's effects are decreased over repeated treatment sessions (Parnas et al., 2005; Davis et al., 2006; Norberg et al., 2008; Grillon, 2009).”
InfluentialNishikawa, H., Inoue, T., Izumi, T., Nakagawa, S., & Koyama, T. (2010) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833d419d · Cited by 20
“However, this effect of D-cycloserine may be attributed to its partial agonist property, which is less effective than endogenous ligands, such as D-serine and glycine (Davis et al., 2006).”
BackgroundJoel, D., Stein, D. J., & Schreiber, R. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-373861-5.00006-0 · Cited by 20
Marchetta, E., Mancini, G. F., Morena, M., & Campolongo, P. (2022) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666221207162750 · Cited by 17
“PE therapy, however, requires multiple sessions leading to high drop-out rates, thus, in accordance with preclinical findings, a combination of PE with DCS could accelerate the remission of PTSD and shorten the overall duration of PE therapy [80].”
ResultNew Approaches to Addiction Treatment Based on Learning and Memory
Kiefer, F., & Dinter, C. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28720-6_147 · Cited by 19
The Role of the Entorhinal Cortex in Extinction: Influences of Aging
Bevilaqua, L. R., Rossato, J. I., Bonini, J. S., Myskiw, J. D. C., Clarke, J. R., Monteiro, S. C., Lima, R. H., Medina, J. H., Cammarota, M., & Izquierdo, I. (2008) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2008/595282 · Cited by 20
“But it consists in all cases of what Pavlov [3], Konorski [4], and Rescorla [2] called extinction [19, 20].”
BackgroundSugiyama, A., Saitoh, A., Inagaki, M., Oka, J., & Yamada, M. (2015) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.06.007 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Davis, M., Ressler, K., Rothbaum, B. O., & Richardson, R.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Davis, Michael
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-08
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 369-375
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2162692973
- Semantic Scholar
- 4b2fc25139b7de7848a13aa43da593a50f3d77c0
- Cited by
- 498
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 2.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r21mh055555-02)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH55555, MH-047840, MH069884, K01MH069884)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- D-cycloserine, fear extinction, NMDA receptor agonist, exposure therapy, anxiety disorders, fear of heights, virtual reality exposure, return of fear, phobia treatment
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antimetabolites, Conditioning, Classical, Cycloserine, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Humans, Phobic Disorders, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
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