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Potentiated Amygdala Response to Repeated Emotional Pictures in Borderline Personality Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by an inability to regulate emotional responses. The amygdala is important in learning about the valence (goodness and badness) of stimuli and functions abnormally in BPD.Methods Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was employed in three groups: unmedicated BPD (n = 33) and schizotypal personality disorder (n = 28) participants and healthy control subjects (n = 32) during a task involving an intermixed series of unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant pictures each presented twice within their respective trial block/run. The amygdala was hand-traced on each participant's structural MRI scan and co-registered to their MRI scan. Amygdala responses were examined with a mixed-model multivariate analysis of variance.Results Compared with both control groups, BPD patients showed greater amygdala activation, particularly to the repeated emotional but not neutral pictures, and a prolonged return to baseline for the overall blood oxygen level-dependent response averaged across all pictures. Despite amygdala overactivation, BPD patients showed blunted self-report ratings of emotional but not neutral pictures. Fewer dissociative symptoms in both patient groups were associated with greater amygdala activation to repeated unpleasant pictures.Conclusions The increased amygdala response to the repeated emotional pictures observed in BPD was not observed in schizotypal patients, suggesting diagnostic specificity. This BPD-related abnormality is consistent with the well-documented clinical feature of high sensitivity to emotional stimuli with unusually strong and long-lasting reactions. The finding of a mismatch between physiological and self-report measures of emotion reactivity in BPD patients suggests they may benefit from treatments targeting emotion recognition.
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“when compared to non-clinical controls and matched schizotypal personality disorder controls, adults diagnosed with BPD showed greater activation in the amygdala (an area related to emotional reactivity) when being shown emotional but not neutral pictures”
From Impact of dialectical behavior therapy versus community treatment by experts on emotional experience, expression, and acceptance in borderline personality disorder (2014) · cites this paper as Hazlett et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“BPD patients demonstrated increased amygdala reactivity to repeated emotional, but not neutral pictures, and a prolonged return to baseline of amygdala activity across all conditions. Despite amygdala overactivation, BPD patients showed blunted arousal ratings of emotional, but not neutral pictures.”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [135]
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“These discrepancies may partly be related to differences in study design: studies observing negative correlations studied amygdala reactivity to highly aversive (trauma-related) pictures [55, 135, 139], while Kraus and colleagues [137] studied amygdala activation during pain stimulation and Winter et al. [60•] used emotional words, which might have been less distressing than aversive pictures (not”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [135]
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“In addition, the activation in the amygdala took longer to return to baseline in the BPD group”
From Impact of dialectical behavior therapy versus community treatment by experts on emotional experience, expression, and acceptance in borderline personality disorder (2014) · cites this paper as Hazlett, et al., 2012
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“Patients who reported a stronger increase of state dissociation (DSS) showed significantly lower amygdala reactivity to negative distractors [139], in line with aforementioned findings by Hazlett and colleagues [135] and theoretical models [10].”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [135]
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“A significant negative correlation between self-reported dissociation and amygdala activity was found in BPD and also in the SPD group: higher self-reported dissociation (DES) was associated with lower emotion-challenged amygdala reactivity.”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [135]
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“Three studies in BPD [55, 135, 139] found lower activity in this region in patients reporting higher dissociation, while other studies did not [60•, 137, 138].”
From Dissociation and Alterations in Brain Function and Structure: Implications for Borderline Personality Disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [135]
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Gunderson, J. G., Herpertz, S. C., Skodol, A. E., Torgersen, S. O., & Zanarini, M. C. (2018) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2018.29 · Cited by 511
Schulze, L., Schmahl, C., & Niedtfeld, I. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.03.027 · Cited by 48
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Leichsenring, F., Fonagy, P., Heim, N., Kernberg, O. F., Leweke, F., Luyten, P., Salzer, S., Spitzer, C., & Steinert, C. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21156 · Cited by 399
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hazlett, E. A., Zhang, J., New, A. S., Zelmanova, Y., Goldstein, K. E., Haznedar, M. M., Meyerson, D., Goodman, M., Siever, L. J., & Chu, K.-W.
- Affiliations
- New York/New Jersey VA Health Care Network (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hazlett, Erin A.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 448-456
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3415575
- OpenAlex
- W1984839944
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 22.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH073911)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR029887)
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- borderline personality disorder, amygdala, emotional pictures, emotional reactivity, schizotypal personality disorder, dissociation, emotion regulation
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Amygdala, Analysis of Variance, Arousal, Borderline Personality Disorder, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Photic Stimulation, Schizotypal Personality Disorder, Linear Models, Case-Control Studies
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