The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 52 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Smoking Cessation Induced by Deep Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Prefrontal and Insular Cortices: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
Background Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in developed countries. Our previous studies in animal models and humans suggest that repeated activation of cue-induced craving networks followed by electromagnetic stimulation of the dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC) can cause lasting reductions in drug craving and consumption. We hypothesized that disruption of these circuitries by deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the PFC and insula bilaterally can induce smoking cessation.Methods Adults (N = 115) who smoke at least 20 cigarettes/day and failed previous treatments were recruited from the general population. Participants were randomized to receive 13 daily sessions of high-frequency, low-frequency or sham stimulation following, or without, presentation of smoking cues. Deep TMS was administered using an H-coil version targeting the lateral PFC and insula bilaterally. Cigarette consumption was evaluated during the treatment by measuring cotinine levels in urine samples and recording participants' self-reports as a primary outcome variable. Dependence and craving were assessed using standardized questionnaires.Results High (but not low) frequency deep TMS treatment significantly reduced cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence. The combination of this treatment with exposure to smoking cues enhanced reduction in cigarette consumption leading to an abstinence rate of 44% at the end of the treatment and an estimated 33% 6 months following the treatment.Conclusions This study further implicates the lateral PFC and insula in nicotine addiction and suggests the use of deep high-frequency TMS of these regions following presentation of smoking cues as a promising treatment strategy.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“clinical trials have shown that H-coil TMS of the insula in substance use disorders alleviated symptoms [118].”
From Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [118]
In the citing paper
“There was reduced cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence, and the effects were greatest in the individuals that were exposed to smoking cues [46].”
In the citing paper
“the largest TMS study in addiction to date was performed by Dinur-Klein and colleagues (2014) [46] wherein they demonstrated that TMS delivered to the left DLPFC reduced cigarette consumption for 3 months.”
In the citing paper
“In this prospective, double-blind, sham-controlled study, 115 regular cigarette smokers were randomized to receive 10 daily treatments of TMS. Immediately before each session, half of the participants were presented with visual smoking cues.”
In the citing paper
“High-frequency deep TMS (10 Hz) was found to significantly reduce cigarette consumption, as well as nicotine dependence.”
From The Insula: A Brain Stimulation Target for the Treatment of Addiction (2019) · cites this paper as Dinur-Klein et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“No studies have yet to investigate brain stimulation of the insula in addiction, with the exception of one clinical trial in smokers that targeted the insula and PFC together (Dinur-Klein et al., 2014).”
From The Insula: A Brain Stimulation Target for the Treatment of Addiction (2019) · cites this paper as Dinur-Klein et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Studies targeting the insula are lacking as there is currently only one study completed thus far (Dinur-Klein et al., 2014).”
From The Insula: A Brain Stimulation Target for the Treatment of Addiction (2019) · cites this paper as Dinur-Klein et al., 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Measuring nicotine dependence: A review of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
Fagerstrom, K. O., & Schneider, N. G. (1989) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00846549 · Cited by 1,598
Addiction and the brain: The neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence
Hyman, S. E., & Malenka, R. C. (2001) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35094560 · Cited by 1,337
Damage to the insula disrupts addiction to cigarette smoking
Naqvi, N. H., Rudrauf, D., Damasio, H., & Bechara, A. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1135926 · Cited by 1,245
A comprehensive review of the effects of rTMS on motor cortical excitability and inhibition
Fitzgerald, P. B., FOUNTAIN, S., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2006) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.06.712 · Cited by 1,026
Liu, X., Hairston, J., Schrier, M., & Fan, J. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.012 · Cited by 916
Dramatic decreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal
Epping-Jordan, M. P., Watkins, S. S., Koob, G. F., & Markou, A. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/30001 · Cited by 674
Physiology of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain
Hoogendam, J. M., Ramakers, G. M. J., & Di Lazzaro, V. (2010) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2009.10.005 · Cited by 669
Images of desire: food-craving activation during fMRI
Pelchat, M. L., Johnson, A., Chan, R., Valdez, J., & Ragland, J. D. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.023 · Cited by 667
Hester, R., & Garavan, H. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3321-04.2004 · Cited by 657
Therapeutic application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a review
Wassermann, E. M., & Lisanby, S. H. (2001) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00585-5 · Cited by 601
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–367 of 367
Ma, Z., Duan, Y., Nguyen, H., Lin, S., Haque, M. M., Wang, D., Hoffman, S. L., Carney, A., Scott, T., Varlas, O., et al. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.64898/2026.03.04.709400 · Cited by 1
Niet-invasieve hersenstimulatie bij verslaving; het effect op craving en emotieregulatie
Jansen, J. M., van der Werf, Y. D., van den Heuvel, O. A., de Wit, S. J., van den Brink, W., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2015) · Neuropraxis · doi:10.1007/s12474-015-0080-5
Substanzgebundene Abhängigkeitserkrankungen und bulimische Essstörungen
Kreuzer, P. M., Wendler, L., Schönfeldt‐Lecuona, C., Eichhammer, P., Lefaucheur, J. P., Langguth, B., & Höppner, J. (2015) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1627656
Dubovsky, S. L. (2014) · Journal watch · doi:10.1056/nejm-jw.na34946
The Neural Crossroads of Psychiatric Illness: An Emerging Target for Brain
Downar, S., & Blumberger, D. M. (2016)
Gera, R., Barak, S., & Schönberg, T. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/376392
The role of the vestibular system in value attribution to positive and negative reinforcersPreprint
Blini, E., Tilikete, C., Chelazzi, L., Farnè, A., & Hadj‐Bouziane, F. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.17.100255
Les addictions sous l’angle neurocognitif
Noël, X. (2020) · Psycho-Oncologie · doi:10.3166/pson-2020-0132
Meil, W. M., Farrell, W., & Satti, R. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98514
The structural and functional changes of the insula in people with addiction
He, X., & He, Q. (2021) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2021.01438
Murray, S. B., Jann, K., Nagata, J. M., & Lee, D. J. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114249
Emerging non-invasive neuroplastic-targeting therapies for substance use disorder treatment
George, P. S., & Kinnevey, C. (2022) · Osteopathic Family Physician · doi:10.33181/13064
Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation in Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Meta-analysis
Kaleem, M. I., & Bokhari, S. M. A. (2022) · Exploratory Research and Hypothesis in Medicine · doi:10.14218/erhm.2022.00096
Rakesh, G., Adams, T. G., Morey, R. A., Alcorn, J. L., Khanal, R., Su, A. E., Himelhoch, S. S., & Rush, C. R. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.05.08.23289662
Brain-zapping technology helps smokers to quit
Makin, S. J. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-023-01839-8
Brain Stimulation Methods for Substance Use Disorders
Padda, K. S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26445-0_6
Mikellides, G. (2023) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20230911gm
Training in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Experience from a Clinical and Research Centre
Ventura, F., Cotovio, G., Frias, P., & Oliveira-Maia, A. J. (2023) · Revista Portuguesa de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental · doi:10.51338/rppsm.477
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Addiction Therapies
Sanna, A., & Diana, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32483-3_19
Duan, Y. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-4538-2_22
Karlsson, H. (2024) · Linköping University medical dissertations · doi:10.3384/9789180754088 · Cited by 2
Driving innovation in addiction treatment: role of transcranial magnetic stimulation
Madeo, G., & Bonci, A. (2024) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-023-02734-2
Chemical and Behavioral Addictions
Baetens, K., Kiefer, F., Schellekens, A., & Dom, G. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009067287.002
Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Current and emerging treatment options
Kim, E., & Godsen, S. (2023) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsrhs.v12i4.5492
Des ondes magnétiques pour arrêter de fumer
Makin, S. J. (2024) · Cerveau & Psycho · doi:10.3917/cerpsy.164.0032
Abandon du tabagisme au moyen de la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne répétitive
Ibrahim, C., Tang, V. M., Blumberger, D. M., & Foll, B. L. (2024) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.230806-f
Chang, W., Li, R., Noppen, B. L. V., & Frank, A. C. (2024) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2024.100876
Burhan, A. M., Goveas, D., Thiab, S., & Blair, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-53976-3_14
Die Verwendung von rTMS bei anderen psychiatrischen Störungen
Fitzgerald, P. B., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52844-6_16
Mehra, R., & Mehra, K. (2023) · Medical Journal of Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth · doi:10.4103/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_257_21
[Erratum] Non-invasive brain stimulation in craving disorders: evidence-based umbrella review
Sá, K. N., Goulardins, J. B., Sá, M. N., Baptista, R. F., Tanaka, C., Shirahige, L., Monte-Silva, K. K., & Baptista, A. F. (2024) · Brain Imaging and Stimulation · doi:10.17267/2965-3738bis.2024.e5924
The Future of Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment and Research
Srivastava, A. B., & Wai, J. M. (2024) · Psychiatry update · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73553-0_15
Ismail, Y. A., Habib, O. K., El-Bannan, Y., Ramadan, R., Elbadry, M. S., Rabea, A. R., Fouad, A. A., El-Tahlawy, S. I., El-Shawa, R. M., Atef, M., et al. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5665829/v1
Nemati, S. M., Narimani, M., Porzoor, P., Basharpoor, S., & Ardalani, G. F. (2025) · مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی رفسنجان · doi:10.61186/jrums.23.8.691
Sobko, E. A., Gordeeva, N. V., Геннадьевна, М. М., Александровна, Б. Е., & Демко, И. В. (2024) · Primary Health Care (Russian Federation) · doi:10.15829/3034-4123-2024-26
Treating Addiction by Stimulating the Brain With Powerful Magnets
Caglar, C. C., Ultanir, D., Lutz, M. C., & Schulte, M. H. J. (2025) · Frontiers for Young Minds · doi:10.3389/frym.2025.1348035
Gomis-Vicent, E., Turner, J. J., Nitsche, M. A., Rivolta, D., & Thoma, V. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108358
Psikiyatride Transkraniyal Manyetik Stimülasyon (TMS/TMU), Kuram Klinik ve Gelecek Perspektifleri
Yeşildal, M. (2025) · Akademisyen Kitabevi eBooks · doi:10.37609/akya.3680
The Insula and Psychiatry: A Hidden Target for Neurostimulation
Honnekeri, A. S., & Desousa, A. (2025) · Annals of Indian Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/aip.aip_51_25
Neurochemical and Neurocircuitry Perspectives on the Science of Addiction
Othman, O., & Mokhtar, Y. (2025) · Journal of Health and Biology · doi:10.71428/jhb.2025.0103
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Substance Use Disorders: Ethical Considerations
Mehta, D. D., Hiebert, M., Tang, V. M., Ward, H. B., & George, T. P. (2025) · Advances in neuroethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92401-9_14
TMS for Social Neuroscience: New Applications and Ethical Issues
Balconi, M. (2025) · Advances in neuroethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-92401-9_7
Harel, M., Alyagon, U., Barnea‐Ygael, N., Shalev, H., Besser, I., & Zangen, A. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.07.024
Self-citationChen, T., Guo, L., Su, H., & Zhao, M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-8504-2_6
Souki, A., Sharifzadeh, S., Brady, K. T., Hanlon, C. A., Jha, M. K., Lim, K. O., Rakesh, G., Young, J. R., Steele, V. R., Tang, V. M., et al. (2026) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2026.113297
Kinney, K. R., Kirse, H. A., Stewart, N. E., Ip, E. H., Saldana, S. J., DeMaioNewton, H. E., Kimber, M., Smith, H. R., Douglas, H. E., Kiraly, D. D., et al. (2025) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-025-09093-1 · Cited by 3
Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat addiction
Hanlon, C. A., Soleimani, G., Fecteau, S., Honari, S., Kearney-Ramos, T., McCalley, D. M., Padula, C. B., Souki, A., Steele, V. R., & Ekhtiari, H. (2025) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26602-7.00014-2 · Cited by 1
Selecting stimulation intensity in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation studies - Part 2
Anil, S., & D'Souza, J. (2023) · Open Research Knowledge Graph (ORKG) · doi:10.48366/r589474
Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation to treat cognitive aspects of other psychiatric diseases
Downar, J. (2025) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-26602-7.00031-2
MacKillop, J. M., McIntyre‐Wood, C., Vandehei, E., Yaya, H., Passa, A.-M. D., Prokop-Millar, S., Fein, A. J., Yang, A., Elsayed, M., Schwartzmann, B., et al. (2026) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2026.01.003
Méthodes de neuromodulation appliquées au trouble de l’usage du tabac
Chevalier, C., & Benzerouk, F. (2026) · médecine/sciences · doi:10.1051/medsci/2026018
Lesions involving the insula are associated with reduced appetite and weight loss
Lyu, W., Bruss, J., Dappen, E. R., Griffis, J. C., Pace, B., Neisewander, B., Manzel, K. W., Tranel, D., Boes, A. D., & Trapp, N. T. (2026) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcag044
Futuristic Approaches to Disarming Nicotine Addiction: A Narrative Review of Emerging Therapies
Deshmukh, C. V., Mistry, V. D., Kasbe, P. M., Nepale, M. B., Patil, S. S., & Ahirrao, S. (2026) · Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry · doi:10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_185_25
Lu, H., Hoffman, S. L., Duan, Y., Ma, Z., Nguyen, H., Carney, A., Scott, T., Varlas, O., Haque, M. M., Stein, E. A., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.21.719530
Vega-Rosas, A., Santos-Jacinto, N. G., Angel, S. M.-D., & Granados-Juárez, A. (2026) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint7030096
Goerigk, S. A., Burkhardt, G., Padberg, F., Zeren, A., Ludwig, H., Rabenstein, A., Kröger, C. B., Vragolic, S., Palm, U., Pogarell, O. M., et al. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117223
rTMS Suppresses Tobacco Craving via Enhanced Prefronto‐Striato‐Thalamic Connectivity
Luo, X., Ma, X., Li, S., Chen, H., Yang, B., Zheng, Y., & Dong, G.-H. (2026) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.70167
Stronger memories through smarter stimulation
Riddle, J. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.111806
Croghan, I. T., Hurt, R. T., Elrashidi, M. Y., Milbrandt, T. J., Ghosh, A. K., Fokken, S. C., & Ebbert, J. O. (2026) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319261468510
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Cocaine Use Disorder: An Observational Study
Miquel, L., Folch‐Sanchez, D., Lusilla, P., & Gual, A. (2026) · Substance Use & Addiction Journal · doi:10.1177/29767342261469368
Neuropharmacology of Nicotine Addiction and Therapeutic Strategies for Smoking Cessation
Hefny, A. A., Karuturi, R. C., Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Rao, P. P. N., & Ganesan, A. (2026) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology15161412
Comparing effects of differing frequencies of transcranial magnetic stimulation—A systematic review
Lemke, E., Abiara, D., McGrath, J., Omoniyi, E., Vetter, I., Kamath, I., Jakimier, K., Andres, G., Lueck, J. S., Shew, C., et al. (2026) · Transcranial magnetic stimulation . · doi:10.1016/j.transm.2026.100330
Deep TMS in Psychiatric Disorders: Current Evidence
Thakur, A., Biswas, T., & Mishra, B. R. (2026) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-026-00336-2
Richard, M., Bousseau, E., Jodoin, V. D., Guibene, E., Blumberger, D. M., Baker, T. E., Assi, E. B., Dubreucq, S., Juster, R., Jutras‐Aswad, D., et al. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117538
Zhang, W., & Lu, M. (2026) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering13101214
Metadata
- Authors
- Dinur-Klein, L., Dannon, P., Hadar, A., Rosenberg, O., Roth, Y., Kotler, M., & Zangen, A.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Zangen, Abraham
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 742-749
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2056417054
- Cited by
- 367
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 13.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Keywords
- smoking cessation, nicotine dependence, nicotine craving, cue exposure, dorsal prefrontal cortex, insula, high-frequency stimulation, low-frequency stimulation, H-coil
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Biophysics, Cerebral Cortex, Cotinine, Creatinine, Cues, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Prefrontal Cortex, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
