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Maternal Systemic Interleukin-6 During Pregnancy Is Associated With Newborn Amygdala Phenotypes and Subsequent Behavior at 2 Years of Age
Open accessAbstract
Background Maternal inflammation during pregnancy increases the risk for offspring psychiatric disorders and other adverse long-term health outcomes. The influence of inflammation on the developing fetal brain is hypothesized as one potential mechanism but has not been examined in humans.Methods Participants were adult women (N = 86) who were recruited during early pregnancy and whose offspring were born after 34 weeks' gestation. A biological indicator of maternal inflammation (interleukin-6) that has been shown to influence fetal brain development in animal models was quantified serially in early, mid-, and late pregnancy. Structural and functional brain magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired in neonates shortly after birth. Infants' amygdalae were individually segmented for measures of volume and as seeds for resting state functional connectivity. At 24 months of age, children completed a snack delay task to assess impulse control.Results Higher average maternal interleukin-6 concentration during pregnancy was prospectively associated with larger right amygdala volume and stronger bilateral amygdala connectivity to brain regions involved in sensory processing and integration (fusiform, somatosensory cortex, and thalamus), salience detection (anterior insula), and learning and memory (caudate and parahippocampal gyrus). Larger newborn right amygdala volume and stronger left amygdala connectivity were in turn associated with lower impulse control at 24 months of age, and mediated the association between higher maternal interleukin-6 concentrations and lower impulse control.Conclusions These findings provide new evidence in humans linking maternal inflammation during pregnancy with newborn brain and emerging behavioral phenotypes relevant for psychiatric disorders. A better understanding of intrauterine conditions that influence offspring disease susceptibility is warranted to inform targeted early intervention and prevention efforts.
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“The literature points to a relationship between maternal Interleukin-6 concentration during pregnancy and altered newborn brain structure and functional connectivity [140, 141].”
From Brain structural and functional outcomes in the offspring of women experiencing psychological distress during pregnancy (2024) · cites this paper as [140]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Graham, A. M., Rasmussen, J. M., Rudolph, M. D., Heim, C. M., Gilmore, J. H., Styner, M., Potkin, S. G., Entringer, S., Wadhwa, P. D., Fair, D. A., & Buss, C.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Buss, Claudia
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 109-119
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5723539
- OpenAlex
- W2694505964
- Cited by
- 282
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 24
- FWCI
- 8.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (R01 HD060628, R01 MH091351, UG3 OD-O23349, F32 MH105283, R00 MH091238, R01 MH096773)
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
- Keywords
- impulse control, prenatal inflammation, fetal brain development, mediation, early childhood behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amygdala, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Infant, Newborn, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Organ Size, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Interleukin-6, Young Adult, Functional Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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