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Depression and reduced sensitivity to non-rewards versus rewards: Evidence from event-related potentials
Abstract
Depression has been characterized in recent years in terms of deficits in positive affect and an underactive approach-related motivational system. Consistent with this view, behavioral and electrocortical studies suggest that reduced sensitivity to rewards may be a fundamental feature of depression. Within the event-related potential literature, the feedback negativity (FN) has been identified as a component that is sensitive to feedback indicating non-rewards versus rewards, and has been linked to phasic changes in midbrain dopamine levels that indicate whether events are better or worse than expected; thus, the FN may be a useful marker for abnormalities in reward sensitivity associated with depression. In the current study, a simple gambling task was used to elicit an FN in participants, and the magnitude of the FN was related to levels of depressive symptoms, as well as levels of anxiety and stress. The enhancement of the FN to non-rewards relative to rewards was found to be inversely related to depression and stress reactivity; only the relationship between the FN and stress remained significant after controlling for the other psychological variables. The P3 to feedback, meanwhile, was inversely related to depression and anxiety scores regardless of feedback type. These results are discussed within the context of current models of depression and reward sensitivity.
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“Adults with current and remitted depression (e.g., Foti and Hajcak, 2009), high risk older adolescents (Foti et al., 2011), and younger youth (ages 8-13) with depressive symptoms (Bress et al., 2012), have exhibited reduced FN amplitude in response to monetary rewards and performance feedback”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Foti and Hajcak, 2009
In the citing paper
“Depressed individuals view rewards, like money or social encouragement, as less motivating than individuals without depressive symptoms [16-18].”
From Examining the effectiveness of gamification in mental health apps for depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Depression generally has been associated with hyposensitivity to rewards, particularly among those with anhedonic symptoms [11-13,16,17].”
From Examining the effectiveness of gamification in mental health apps for depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Foti, D., & Hajcak, G.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hajcak, Greg
- Venue
- Biological Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-8
- ISSN
- 0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2150096845
- Cited by
- 341
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 7.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- depression, reward sensitivity, feedback negativity, P3, event-related potentials, stress reactivity, anxiety, gambling task, dopamine, approach motivation, positive affect
- MeSH terms
- Brain Mapping, Cues, Depression, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychophysics, Reward, Time Factors, Principal Component Analysis, Feedback, Psychological
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