Biomass torrefaction: Modeling of volatile and solid product evolution kinetics
Open accessAbstract
The aim of this work is the development of a kinetics model for the evolution of the volatile and solid product composition during torrefaction conditions between 200 and 300°C. Coupled to an existing two step solid mass loss kinetics mechanism, this model describes the volatile release kinetics in terms of a set of identifiable chemical components, permitting the solid product composition to be estimated by mass conservation. Results show that most of the volatiles released during the first stage include highly oxygenated species such as water, acetic acid, and carbon dioxide, while volatiles released during the second step are composed primarily of lactic acid, methanol, and acetic acid. This kinetics model will be used in the development of a model to describe reaction energy balance and heat release dynamics.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The amount of methanol and lactic acid produced during decomposition of acetoxy- and methoxy-groups increases up to 10 minutes and then remains unchanged.
“The amount of methanol and lactic acid, which are produced during the decomposition of acetoxy-and methoxy-, groups (Tumuluru et al., 2012), increase up to 10 minutes and then remain unchanged (Bates and Ghoniem, 2012).”
From A Comprehensive Review on Biomass Torrefaction (2014) · cites this paper as Bates and Ghoniem, 2012
The Results and discussion section (page unavailable) reports a peak in the overall rate of volatile release at about 10 minutes, dominated by water, acetic acid, and carbon dioxide—not methanol and lactic acid. It says methanol and lactic acid dominate release from 20 minutes onward, contrary to the claim that their amounts remain unchanged after 10 minutes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNon-condensable product such as CO2 and CO reaches a peak value at a residence time of 10 minutes and then starts declining.
“On the other hand, non-condensable product such as CO2 and CO reaches the peak value at a residence time of 10 minutes, and then starts declining (Bates and Ghoniem, 2012).”
From A Comprehensive Review on Biomass Torrefaction (2014) · cites this paper as Bates and Ghoniem, 2012
The Results and discussion section reports a peak in the rate of volatile release at approximately 10 minutes, with carbon dioxide among the dominant products. It does not report a 10-minute peak followed by a decline in the amount of both CO2 and CO; the reported peak concerns release rate, and CO is not identified as a dominant product. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Product Distribution from the Fast Pyrolysis of Hemicellulose
Patwardhan, P. R., Brown, R. C., & Shanks, B. H. (2011) · ChemSusChem · doi:10.1002/cssc.201000425 · Cited by 463 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Di Blasi, C., Lanzetta, M., 1997. Intrinsic kinetics of isothermal xylan degradation in inert atmosphere. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 40-41, 287-303.
- Prins, M.J., 2005. Thermodynamic analysis of biomass gasification and torrefaction (Ph.D. thesis).
- Rath, J., Steiner, G., Wolfinger, M.., Staudinger, G., 2002. Tar cracking from fast pyrolysis of large beech wood particles. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 62, 83-92.
- van der Stelt, M., 2011. Chemistry and reaction kinetics of biowaste torrefaction (Ph.D. thesis).
- Wang, S., Guo, X., Wang, K., Luo, Z., 2011. Influence of the interaction of components on the pyrolysis behavior of biomass. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 91, 183-189.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hoang, A. T., Ong, H. C., Fattah, I. M. R., Chong, C. T., Cheng, C. K., Sakthivel, R., & Ok, Y. S. (2021) · Fuel Processing Technology · doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.106997 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Review on Biomass Torrefaction
Nhuchhen, D., Basu, P., & Acharya, B. (2014) · International Journal of Renewable Energy & Biofuels · doi:10.5171/2014.506376 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Poplar wood torrefaction: Kinetics, thermochemistry and implications
Chai, M., Xie, L., Yu, X., Zhang, X., Yang, Y., Rahman, M. M., Blanco, P. H., Liu, R., Bridgwater, A. V., & Cai, J. (2021) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.110962 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A review of biopower and mitigation potential of competing pyrolysis methods
Kung, C.-C., Fei, C. J., McCarl, B. A., & Fan, X. (2022) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112443 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
González Martínez, M., Dupont, C., Thiéry, S., Meyer, X.-M., & Gourdon, C. (2018) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.09.002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Yadav, N., Yadav, G., Bakthavachalam, V., Potturaja, L., Roy, J. K., & Elumalai, S. (2025) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131948 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bates, R. B., & Ghoniem, A. F.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bates, Richard B.
- ORCID
- Ghoniem, Ahmed F.
- Venue
- Bioresource Technology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 124
- Pages
- 460-469
- ISSN
- 0960-8524 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2028162003
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Bioresource Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- BP p.l.c.
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Thermal and Kinetic Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
- Keywords
- torrefaction, willow, biomass pyrolysis, acetic acid, lactic acid, methanol, carbon dioxide
- MeSH terms
- Kinetics, Models, Theoretical, Temperature, Volatilization, Biomass
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
