Advances in lignin valorization towards bio-based chemicals and fuels: lignin biorefinery
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Lignin is one of the most promising renewable sources for aromatic hydrocarbons, while effective depolymerization towards its constituent monomers is a particular challenge because of the structural complexity and stability. Intensive research efforts have been directed towards exploiting effective valorization of lignin for the production of bio-based platform chemicals and fuels. The present contribution aims to provide a critical review of key advances in the identification of exact lignin structure subjected to various fractionation technologies and demonstrate the key roles of lignin structures in depolymerization for unique functionalized products. Various technologies (e.g., thermocatalytic approaches, photocatalytic conversion, and mechanochemical depolymerization) are reviewed and evaluated in terms of feasibility and potential for further upgrading. Overall, advances in pristine lignin structure analysis and conversion technologies can facilitate recovery and subsequent utilization of lignin towards tailored commodity chemicals and fungible fuels.
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Lignin-rich feedstock in highly ionized water is subjected to hydrolysis and depolymerization via selective cleavage of β-O-4 linkages into small fragments in the presence of catalysts.
“The lignin-rich feedstock in the high ionization of water is subjected to hydrolysis and depolymerization via the selective cleavage of β-O-4 linkages into small fragments in the presence of catalysts”
From Hydrothermal carbonization and liquefaction for sustainable production of hydrochar and aromatics (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
Section 4.4.2 (page unavailable) describes depolymerizing lignin in subcritical water with catalysts, while Section 4 (page unavailable) identifies β-O-4 cleavage as a major route to smaller aromatic products. The copy does not say that highly ionized water causes hydrolysis or that β-O-4 cleavage is selective under those aqueous catalytic conditions. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredS/G-rich lignin in hardwood is rich in β-O-4 linkage, which is related to high-yield production of aromatic monomers.
“The S/G-rich lignin in hardwood is rich in β-O-4 linkage that is related to high-yield production of aromatic monomers [68].”
From Hydrothermal carbonization and liquefaction for sustainable production of hydrochar and aromatics (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
Section 2.1 identifies hardwood lignin as S/G-rich and says S/G-rich lignin favors higher monomer yields. It also describes β-O-4 as abundant in native lignin generally, but does not establish that S/G-rich hardwood lignin is specifically rich in that linkage. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNative structure of lignin can be altered easily by harsh pretreatments that cause cleavage of β-O-4 linkages along with formation of stable C-C bonds, adding to the structural complexity of lignin.
“Native structure of lignin can be altered easily by harsh pretreatments that cause the cleavage of β-O-4 linkages along with the formation of stable C-C bonds, adding to the structural complexity of lignin”
From Hydrothermal carbonization and liquefaction for sustainable production of hydrochar and aromatics (2021) · cites this paper as [68]
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- Authors
- Cao, Y., Chen, S. S., Zhang, S., Ok, Y. S., Matsagar, B. M., Wu, K. C.-W., & Tsang, D. C. W.
- Affiliations
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HK)
- Fudan University (CN)
- Korea University (KR)
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Tsang, Daniel C.W.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Bioresource Technology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 291
- Pages
- 121878
- ISSN
- 0960-8524 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2963483474
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 126
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 2.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Bioresource Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PolyU Institutional Research Archive (Hong Kong Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Hong Kong Research Grants Council
- PolyU (15217818)
- Hong Kong International Airport Environment Fund
- Hong Kong Environment and Conservation Fund
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lignin and Wood Chemistry
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Catalysis for Biomass Conversion
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biofuel production and bioconversion
- Keywords
- lignin valorization, lignin biorefinery, lignin depolymerization, lignin structure, lignin fractionation, aromatic hydrocarbons, bio-based chemicals, biofuels, thermocatalytic conversion, photocatalytic conversion, lignin monomers
- MeSH terms
- Lignin, Polymerization
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