Understanding and interpreting confidence and credible intervals around effect estimates
Open accessAbstract
Introduction Reporting confidence intervals in scientific articles is important and relevant for evidence-based practice. Clinicians should understand confidence intervals in order to determine if they can realistically expect results similar to those presented in research studies when they implement the scientific evidence in clinical practice. The aims of this masterclass are: (1) to discuss confidence intervals around effect estimates; (2) to understand confidence intervals estimation (frequentist and Bayesian approaches); and (3) to interpret such uncertainty measures.Content Confidence intervals are measures of uncertainty around effect estimates. Interpretation of the frequentist 95% confidence interval: we can be 95% confident that the true (unknown) estimate would lie within the lower and upper limits of the interval, based on hypothesized repeats of the experiment. Many researchers and health professionals oversimplify the interpretation of the frequentist 95% confidence interval by dichotomizing it in statistically significant or non-statistically significant, hampering a proper discussion on the values, the width (precision) and the practical implications of such interval. Interpretation of the Bayesian 95% confidence interval (which is known as credible interval): there is a 95% probability that the true (unknown) estimate would lie within the interval, given the evidence provided by the observed data.Conclusions The use and reporting of confidence intervals should be encouraged in all scientific articles. Clinicians should consider using the interpretation, relevance and applicability of confidence intervals in real-world decision-making. Training and education may enhance knowledge and skills related to estimating, understanding and interpreting uncertainty measures, reducing the barriers for their use under either frequentist or Bayesian approaches.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A 95% highest density interval (HDI) can be interpreted as a 95% probability that the true (unknown) estimate lies within the interval, given the observed data and priors.
“As such, a 95% HDI can be interpreted as a 95% probability that the true (unknown) estimate lies within the interval, given the observed data and priors [304].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Sontrop, J. M., Dixon, S. N., Garg, A. X., Jiménez, I. B., Dohein, O., Huang, S. S., & Clark, W. F. (2013) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000350377 · Cited by 5,903 · see citing works
Probable Inference, the Law of Succession, and Statistical Inference
Wilson, E. B. (1927) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1927.10502953 · Cited by 4,476 · see citing works
Confidence intervals rather than P values: estimation rather than hypothesis testing.
Gardner, M. J., & Altman, D. G. (1986) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.292.6522.746 · Cited by 2,014 · see citing works
Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis for Epidemiology: A Practical Guide
Twisk, J. W. R. (2003) · Cited by 1,244 · see citing works
Morris, J., & Gardner, M. J. (1988) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.296.6632.1313 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
The fickle P value generates irreproducible results
Halsey, L. G., Curran‐Everett, D., Vowler, S. L., & Drummond, G. B. (2015) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.3288 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis for Epidemiology: A Practical Guide
Twisk, J. W. R. (2013) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139342834 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Lesaffre, E. M. E. H., & Lawson, A. B. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119942412 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Statistical Inference by Confidence Intervals: Issues of Interpretation and Utilization
Sim, J., & Reid, N. G. (1999) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/79.2.186 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
O’Neill, P. D. (2002) · Mathematical Biosciences · doi:10.1016/s0025-5564(02)00109-8 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The Correct Interpretation of Confidence Intervals
Tan, S. H., & Tan, S. B. (2010) · Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare · doi:10.1177/201010581001900316 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Parreira, P. D. C. S., Costa, L. D. C. M., Takahashi, R. H., Hespanhol, L., da Luz, M. A., da Silva, T. M., & Costa, L. O. P. (2014) · Journal of physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2014.05.003 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationGarcia, A. N., Costa, L. D. C. M., da Silva, T. M., Gondo, F. L. B., Cyrillo, F. N., Costa, R. A., & Costa, L. O. P. (2013) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20120414 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationEstimation issues in clinical trials and overviews
Pocock, S., & Hughes, M. D. (1990) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780090612 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Hespanhol, L., van Mechelen, W., & Verhagen, E. A. L. M. (2017) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097025 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationWilkinson, M. (2013) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0125-y · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Casals, M., & Finch, C. F. (2016) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042211 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mateus-Vasconcelos, E. C. L., Brito, L. G. O., Driusso, P., Silva, T. D., Antônio, F. I., & Ferreira, C. H. J. (2018) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.12.006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Freire, A. P. C. F., Elkins, M. R., Ramos, E. M. C., & Moseley, A. M. (2018) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.10.004 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sedgwick, P. M. (2014) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.g4550 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Central Limit Theorem Under Simple Random Sampling
Bellhouse, D. R. (2001) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1198/000313001753272330 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Casals, M., & Finch, C. F. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-042211rep · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Detecting and describing heterogeneity in meta-analysis
Hardy, R. J., & Thompson, S. G. (1998) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19980430)17:8
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 25 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Newcombe RG. Two-sided confidence intervals for the sin- gle proportion: comparison of seven methods. Stat Med. 1998;17(8):857---872.
- Newcombe RG. Interval estimation for the difference between independent proportions: comparison of eleven methods. Stat Med. 1998;17(8):873---890.
- Morris JA, Gardner MJ. Calculating confidence intervals for rel- ative risks (odds ratios) and standardised ratios and rates. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988;296(6632):1313---1316.
- Twisk JWR. Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis for Epidemiol- ogy. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Addressing climate change with behavioral science: A global intervention tournament in 63 countries
Vlasceanu, M., Doell, K. C., Bak-Coleman, J. B., Todorova, B., Berkebile-Weinberg, M., Grayson, S., Patel, Y. H., Goldwert, D., Pei, Y., Chakroff, A., et al. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adj5778 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Currier, B. S., Mcleod, J. C., Banfield, L., Beyene, J., Welton, N. J., D'Souza, A. C., Keogh, J. A. J., Lin, L., Coletta, G., Yang, A., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106807 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Factors Associated with Teacher Wellbeing: A Meta-Analysis
Zhou, S., Slemp, G. R., & Vella‐Brodrick, D. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09886-x · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Zagona, A. L., Kurth, J. A., Turner, E. L., Pace, J. R., Shogren, K. A., Lansey, K. R., Jameson, J. M., Burnette, K. K., Mansouri, M. C., Hicks, T. A., et al. (2022) · Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities · doi:10.1177/15407969221126496 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Sánchez‐Sánchez, J. L., He, L., Morales, J. S., Barreto, P. D. S., Jiménez‐Pavón, D., Carbonell‐Baeza, A., Herrero, Á. C., Gallardo‐Gómez, D., Lucía, A., Cruz, B. D. P., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Healthy Longevity · doi:10.1016/s2666-7568(23)00241-6 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Pauw, K. D., Sanczuk, P., Meeussen, C., Depauw, L., Lombaerde, E. D., Govaert, S., Vanneste, T., Brunet, J., Cousins, S. A. O., Gasperini, C., et al. (2021) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.17803 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Huang, Y., Liang, J., & Zhou, H. (2022) · BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s40360-021-00541-7 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Wilke, J., Rahlf, A. L., Füzéki, E., Groneberg, D. A., Hespanhol, L., Mai, P., de Oliveira, G. M., Robbin, J., Tan, B., Willwacher, S., et al. (2022) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-022-00515-x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationTruong, Q. C., Cervin, M., Choo, C. C., Numbers, K. T., Bentvelzen, A. C., Kochan, N. A., Brodaty, H., Sachdev, P. S., & Medvedev, O. N. (2023) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.13069 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence–Guided Lung Ultrasound by Nonexperts
Baloescu, C., Bailitz, J. M., Cheema, B. S., Agarwala, R., Jankowski, M., Eke, O. F., Liu, R., Nomura, J. T., Stolz, L. A., Gargani, L., et al. (2025) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2024.4991 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Castellini, G., Corbetta, D., Cecchetto, S., & Gianola, S. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037133 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Saueressig, T., Braun, T., Steglich, N., Diemer, F., Zebisch, J., Herbst, M., Zinser, W., Owen, P. J., & Belavý, D. L. (2022) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-105359 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Novel species of Cladosporium from environmental sources in Spain
Iturrieta‐González, I., García, D., & Gené, J. (2021) · MycoKeys · doi:10.3897/mycokeys.77.60862 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Addressing Climate Change with Behavioral Science: A Global Intervention Tournament in 63 CountriesPreprint
Vlasceanu, M., Doell, K. C., Bak-Coleman, J. B., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/cr5at · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Swinton, P. A., Burgess, K., Hall, A., Greig, L., Psyllas, J., Aspe, R., Maughan, P., & Murphy, A. (2022) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2022.2128548 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Kim, Y., Vakula, M. N., Bolton, D. A. E., Dakin, C. J., Thompson, B. J., Slocum, T. A., Teramoto, M., & Bressel, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.764826 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Wilke, J., Mohr, L., Yuki, G., Bhundoo, A. K., Jiménez‐Pavón, D., Laíño, F., Murphy, N. M., Novak, B., Nuccio, S., Ortega‐Gómez, S., et al. (2022) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104994 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationSaueressig, T., Pedder, H., Bowe, S. J., Owen, P. J., & Belavy, D. L. (2021) · Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.0107 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Quarshie, E. N., Waterman, M. G., & House, A. O. (2020) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-020-05111-4 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Tanphiriyakun, T., Rojanasthien, S., & Khumrin, P. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93152-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Impact of COVID-19 forecast visualizations on pandemic risk perceptions
Padilla, L. M. K., Hosseinpour, H., Fygenson, R., Howell, J. L., Chunara, R., & Bertini, E. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05353-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Adolescent Problem Gambling in Rural Ghana: Prevalence and Gender Differentiation
Odame, S. K., Quarshie, E. N., Oti-Boadi, M., Andoh–Arthur, J., & Asante, K. O. (2020) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-020-09987-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Reis, D. J., Kaizer, A. M., Kinney, A. R., Bahraini, N. H., Holliday, R. P., Forster, J. E., & Brenner, L. A. (2022) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001316 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mosquito thermal tolerance is remarkably constrained across a large climatic range
Couper, L., Farner, J. E., Lyberger, K. P., Lee, A., & Mordecai, E. A. (2024) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.2457 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Chen, H., Li, J., Zhao, C., Wang, C., Hao, W., Meng, L., Huang, T., Yang, H., Zhao, K., Yuan, L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131563 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Two Sides of Cognitive Masking: A Three-Level Bayesian Meta-Analysis on Twice-Exceptionality
Atmaca, F., & Балоглу, М. (2022) · Gifted Child Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00169862221110875 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Gudivada, K. K., Kumar, A. R., Shariff, M., Sampath, S., Varma, M. M. K., Sivakoti, S., & Krishna, B. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.033 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Yuan, Y., Yang, Y., Hu, X., Zhang, L., Xiong, Z., Bai, Y., Zeng, J., & Feng, X. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05060-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Amare, H. H., & Lindtjørn, B. (2021) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009816 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
RESEARCH ON THE NOISE POLLUTION FROM DIFFERENT VEHICLE CATEGORIES IN THE URBAN AREA
Danilevičius, A., Karpenko, M., & Křivánek, V. (2023) · Transport · doi:10.3846/transport.2023.18666 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Neece, C. L., Fenning, R. M., Morrell, H. E., & Benjamin, L. R. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231191558 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Corrie, P. G., Meyer, N., Berardi, R., Guidoboni, M., Schlueter, M., Kolovos, S., Macabeo, B., Trouiller, J.-B., & Laramée, P. (2022) · Cancer Treatment Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102463 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Aluminum demand and low carbon development scenarios for major countries by 2050
Yi, X., Lü, Y., & He, G. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143647 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Proteins and Minerals in Whey Protein Supplements
González‐Weller, D., Paz, S., Bethencourt-Barbuzano, E., Niebla-Canelo, D., Alejandro-Vega, S., Gutiérrez, A. J., Hardisson, A., Carrascosa, C., & Rubio, C. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12112238 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Riaz, I. B., Fuentes, H. E., Naqvi, S. A. A., He, H., Sipra, Q.-U.-A. R., Tafur, A. J., Padranos, L., Wysokiński, W. E., Marshall, A. L., Vandvik, P. O., et al. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.10.041 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
3D NLTE Lithium abundances for late-type stars in GALAH DR3
Wang, E. X., Nordlander, T., Buder, S., Ciucă, I., Soen, A., Martell, S. L., Ness, M., LIND, K., McKenzie, M., & Stello, D. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae385 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Gudivada, K. K., Kumar, A. R., Sriram, K., Baby, J., Shariff, M., Sampath, S., Sivakoti, S., & Krishna, B. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.12.015 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Exploring the Impact of Multitemporal DEM Data on the Susceptibility Mapping of Landslides
Li, J., Wang, W., Han, Z. S., Li, Y., & Chen, G. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10072518 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kwon, J., Lee, D., Criado, M. F., Killmaster, L., Ali, M. Z., Giasuddin, M., Samad, M. A., Karim, M. R., Hasan, M., Brum, E., et al. (2020) · Virus Evolution · doi:10.1093/ve/veaa046 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Predictors of aversion to happiness: New Insights from a multi-national study
Joshanloo, M. (2022) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-022-09954-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
A probabilistic framework for mutation testing in deep neural networks
Tambon, F., Khomh, F., & Antoniol, G. (2022) · Information and Software Technology · doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2022.107129 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Schubatzky, T., Burde, J., Große-Heilmann, R., Haagen‐Schützenhöfer, C., Riese, J., & Weiler, D. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104900 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Schindler, L. S., Subramaniapillai, S., Barth, C., van der Meer, D., Pedersen, M. L., Kaufmann, T., Maximov, I. I., Linge, J., Leinhard, O. D., Beck, D., et al. (2022) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103239 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Showing confidence (intervals)
Kamper, S. J. (2019) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.01.003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Torres-Garcia, D., Gené, J., & García, D. (2022) · MycoKeys · doi:10.3897/mycokeys.86.73861 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Oanh, T. T. K., Nguyen, D. V., Le, H. V., & Duong, K. D. (2023) · Cogent Economics & Finance · doi:10.1080/23322039.2023.2260243 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Diversity and novel lineages of black yeasts in Chaetothyriales from freshwater sediments in Spain
Torres-Garcia, D., García, D., Réblová, M., Jurjević, Ž., Hubka, V., & Gené, J. (2023) · Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi · doi:10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.05 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Nakaoka, G. B., Barboza, S. D., Verhagen, E. A. L. M., van Mechelen, W., & Hespanhol, L. (2021) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01483-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationLai, N. M., Lim, Y. S., Chaiyakunapruk, N., Lee, S. W. H., Liabsuetrakul, T., Sabbir, M., Mahmud, S. M. H., Siddiqi, U. R., Ahmed, T., Hasan, F. U. L., et al. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.70022 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Wang, M., Chen, L., Chen, D., Ding, K., Li, B., Lv, P., Song, X., Jiao, Y., Guo, Q., Yu, G., et al. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.116223 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Problem gambling and income as predictors of loot box spending
Garrett, E. P., Sauer, J. D., Drummond, A., & Lowe-Calverley, E. (2022) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2022.2029528 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Amendola, S., Hengartner, M. P., Ajdacic‐Gross, V., Angst, J., & Wulf Rössler, A. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.101 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ostace, A. G., Chen, Y., Parker, R., Mebane, D. S., Okoli, C. O., Lee, A., Tong, A., Fan, L., Biegler, L. T., Burgard, A. P., et al. (2022) · Chemical Engineering Science · doi:10.1016/j.ces.2022.117512 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Nukah, P. D., Abbey, S. J., Booth, C. A., & Nounu, G. (2023) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133290 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bartosik-Psujek, H., Kaczyński, Ł., Górecka, M., Rolka, M., Wójcik, R., Zięba, P., & Kaczor, M. P. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.102769 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kophamel, S., Rudd, D., Ward, L. C., Shum, E., Ariel, E., Méndez, D., Starling, J., Mellers, R., Burchell, R. K., & Munns, S. L. (2022) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coac043 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Giannini, E. G., Pasta, A., Calabrese, F., Labanca, S., Marenco, S., Pieri, G., Torres, M. C. P., & Strazzabosco, M. (2024) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.16222 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Quantifying temporal variation in dietary niche to reveal drivers of past population declines
Cheeseman, A. E., Tanis, B. P., & Finck, E. J. (2021) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13765 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Wang, E., Liu, Y., Wang, Y., Han, X., Zhou, Y., Zhang, L., & Tang, Y. (2024) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40263-024-01131-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Spatial abilities associated with open math problem solving
Wang, L., Cao, C., Zhou, X., & Qi, C. (2022) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3919 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cruz, K. L. T., Camargos, A. C. R., Cardoso, J. R. D. S., de Baptista, C. R. D. J. A., Ramos, A. D., Mattiello‐Sverzut, A. C., Burns, J., & Leite, H. R. (2020) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bjpt.2020.07.008 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Guo, J. D., Gehchan, A., & Hartzema, A. G. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-091961 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Helms, E. R., Spence, A., Sousa, C. A., Kreiger, J., Taylor, S., Oranchuk, D. J., Dieter, B. P., & Watkins, C. M. (2023) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-023-00651-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Taxonomy and Multigene Phylogeny of Diaporthales in Guizhou Province, China
Wang, S., McKenzie, E. H. C., Phillips, A. J. L., Li, Y., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8121301 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Torres-Garcia, D., García, D., Cano, J., & Gené, J. (2022) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof8080868 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The effects of anxiety on practice behaviors and performance quality in expert pianists
Passarotto, E., Worschech, F., & ALTENMÜLLER, E. O. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1152900 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Schubatzky, T., Haagen‐Schützenhöfer, C., Wackermann, R., Wöhlke, C., & Wildbichler, S. (2024) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21867 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Georgiou, G. P. (2024) · Stats · doi:10.3390/stats7040087 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
New Dothideomycetes from Freshwater Habitats in Spain
Magaña‐Dueñas, V., Cano, J., & Stchigel, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof7121102 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cladosporium spp. (Cladosporiaceae) isolated from Eucommia ulmoides in China
Wang, S., Wang, Y., & Li, Y. (2022) · MycoKeys · doi:10.3897/mycokeys.91.87841 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Implementing wood ants in biocontrol: Suppression of apple scab and reduced aphid tending
Jensen, I. C., Hansen, R. R., Damgaard, C. F., & Offenberg, J. (2023) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.7422 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flexible Fitting of PROTAC Concentration–Response Curves with Changepoint Gaussian Processes
Semenova, E., Guerriero, M. L., Zhang, B., Hock, A., Hopcroft, P. J., Kadamur, G., Afzal, A. M., & Lazic, S. E. (2021) · SLAS DISCOVERY · doi:10.1177/24725552211028142 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Using network analysis to validate domains of the modified telephone interview for cognitive status
Truong, Q. C., Cervin, M., Choo, C. C., Numbers, K. T., Bentvelzen, A. C., Merkin, A., Sachdev, P. S., Feigin, V. L., Brodaty, H., Kochan, N. A., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.14016 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A tutorial on the Bayesian statistical approach to inverse problems
Waqar, F., Patel, S. K., & Simon, C. M. (2023) · APL Machine Learning · doi:10.1063/5.0154773 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vasić, S., Orošnjak, M., Brkljač, N., Vrhovac, V., & Ristić, K. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16020767 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
McGuire, F. H., Beccia, A. L., Peoples, J. E., Williams, M. R., Schuler, M. S., & Duncan, A. E. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae121 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
RetractedLi, W., Wu, C., Feng, W., Zhan, Y., Yang, L., Jia, H.-J., Pei, J., & Li, K. (2024) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000002006 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Koscelny, S. N., Sadralashrafi, S., & Neyens, D. M. (2025) · Applied Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104515 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Qi, S.-A., Kumar, N., Verma, R., Xu, J., Shen‐Tu, G., & Greiner, R. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2023.3287514 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Meng, Y., Xiang, S., Qu, L., & Li, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1361186 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Badioli, M., Degni, L., Dalbagno, D., Danti, C., Starita, F., di Pellegrino, G., Benassi, M., & Garofalo, S. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105829 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Arthropod traits as proxies for abundance trends in the Azorean Islands
Oyarzabal, G., Cardoso, P., François Rigal, A., Boieiro, M., Santos, A. M. C., Amorim, I. R., Malumbres‐Olarte, J., Costa, R., Lhoumeau, S., Pozsgai, G., et al. (2024) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.07457 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for sarcoidosis: a nested case–control study
Dehara, M., Sachs, M. C., Kullberg, S., Grünewald, J., Blomberg, A., & Arkema, E. V. (2022) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12890-022-01834-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lou, X., & Li, L. M. W. (2022) · Cross-Cultural Research · doi:10.1177/10693971221093122 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Replication-based regularization approaches to diagnose Reinke’s edema by using voice recordings
Naranjo, L., Pérez, C. J., Campos-Roca, Y., & Madruga, M. (2021) · Artificial Intelligence in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2021.102162 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Reyes-Puig, C. P., Enriquez‐Urzelai, U., Sillero, N., & Kaliontzopoulou, A. (2025) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.71802 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Eichin, K. N., Georgii, C., Arend, A., Dyck, Z. V., & Jens Blechert, A. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105890 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Al‐Essa, L. A., Ebrahim, E. A., & Mergiaw, Y. A. (2024) · Frontiers in Energy Research · doi:10.3389/fenrg.2024.1416126 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Unraveling the impact of dog‐friendly spaces on urban–wildland pumas and other wildlife
Granados, A., McDonald, Z., McPherson, K., & Stoner, D. C. (2024) · Wildlife Biology · doi:10.1002/wlb3.01290 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chen, R. S., Soulsbury, C. D., Hench, K., van Oers, K., & Hoffman, J. I. (2025) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-025-02802-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pérez‐Millan, A., Contador, J., Tudela, R., Niñerola‐Baizán, A., Setoaín, X., Lladó, A., Sánchez‐Valle, R., & Sala‐Llonch, R. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18129-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
MacPhail, A. G., Yip, D. A., Knight, E. C., Hedley, R. W., Knaggs, M., Shonfield, J., Upham‐Mills, E. J., & Bayne, E. M. (2023) · Bioacoustics · doi:10.1080/09524622.2023.2290718 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Abysina, M. S., Hamuli, E. K., Batina, S. A., & Kandala, N. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-17554-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ortiz, H. A. D. L. B., Arias, M., von Schauensee, M. M., & Liebano, R. E. (2024) · Lasers in Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s10103-024-04162-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Baraniuk, J. N. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26031282 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lu, K.-F., Liu, Y., & Peng, Z. (2025) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2025.105967 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Eichin, K. N., Effert, A., Renner, B., & Sproesser, G. (2025) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.70031 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chilanga, F., Kasozi, K. I., Mazeri, S., Paterson, G. K., & Muwonge, A. (2025) · npj Antimicrobials and Resistance · doi:10.1038/s44259-025-00126-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Pascucci, D., Nurchis, M. C., Sapienza, M., Castrini, F., Beccia, F., D’Ambrosio, F., Grossi, A., Castagna, C., Pezzullo, A. M., Zega, M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111098 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bayesian Maximal Information Coefficient (BMIC) to reason novel trends in large datasets
Wang, S., & Surapunt, T. (2022) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s10489-021-03090-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hespanhol, L., Vallio, C. S., Costa, L. M., & Saragiotto, B. T.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Hespanhol, Luiz
- Venue
- Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-07
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 290-301
- ISSN
- 1413-3555 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6630113
- OpenAlex
- W2908045944
- Cited by
- 390
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 8.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (2016/09220-1, 2016/24217-7, 2017/11665-4)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Keywords
- confidence intervals, credible intervals, effect estimates, uncertainty quantification, frequentist interpretation, Bayesian interpretation, statistical significance, clinical decision-making, evidence-based practice
- MeSH terms
- Bayes Theorem, Humans, Uncertainty
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
