Cited by 204Evolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorMedia, Gender, and AdvertisingGender Roles and Identity Studies

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Do representations of male muscularity differ in men's and women's magazines?

Frederick, David A., Fessler, Daniel M.T., Haselton, Martie G.·2005·Body Image

DOI 10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.12.002

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Abstract

Men overestimate the degree of muscularity that is attractive to women, and women overestimate the degree of thinness that is most attractive to men. Consistent with the thesis that sociocultural input influences such body type preferences and beliefs, we postulated that magazines aimed at a male audience would portray a more muscular male body ideal than would magazines aimed at a female audience. Systematic comparison of popular magazines (Cosmopolitan, Men's Health, Men's Fitness, and Muscle & Fitness) revealed that the ideal male body marketed to men is more muscular than the ideal male body marketed to women. We introduce the Physical Trait Overvaluation Hypothesis, which proposes that gender-specific media fuel emphasis on certain body parts in within-gender prestige competitions. The resulting competitive escalation creates a disconnect between the preferences of one gender and the personal aspirations of the other.

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“Research employing similar measures designed for men has shown that men desire a level of muscularity that is greater than the level found attractive by women (Frederick & Haselton, 2003; Olivardia et al., 2004), and that men overestimate the level of muscularity women find ideal (Olivardia et al.”
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“In these studies, men chose as ideal a body that was more muscular than their current body (Buchanan, Frederick, & Friedman, 2005; Frederick & Haselton, 2003; Lynch & Zellner, 1999; Olivardia, Pope, Borowiecki, & Cohane, 2004; Pope et al., 2000).”
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Authors: Frederick, D. A., Fessler, D. M. T., & Haselton, M. G.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author: Frederick, David A.
ORCID: Frederick, David A.
Fessler, Daniel M.T.
Venue: Body Image
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2005-03
Volume: 2
Issue: 1
Pages: 81-86
ISSN: 1740-1445 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.12.002
OpenAlex: W1999032262
Semantic Scholar: cdc5ce99b2c6c9aa0418d53d0d82f30e74c6f650
Cited by: 204
References: 23
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 9.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Body Image (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Media, Gender, and Advertising
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Keywords: body ideals, media influence on body image, physical attractiveness

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Do representations of male muscularity differ in men's and women's magazines?

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