The DOI matches its Crossref record; 208 of the 208 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The origins and formation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts
Abstract
Osteoclasts (OCLs) are hematopoietic cells whose physiological function is to degrade bone. OCLs are key players in the processes that determine and maintain the mass, shape, and physical properties of bone. OCLs adhere to bone tightly and degrade its matrix by secreting protons and proteases onto the underlying surface. The combination of low pH and proteases degrades the mineral and protein components of the matrix and forms a resorption pit; the degraded material is internalized by the cell and then secreted into the circulation. Insufficient or excessive activity of OCLs can lead to significant changes in bone and either cause or exacerbate symptoms of diseases, as in osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, and cancer-induced bone lysis. OCLs are derived from monocyte-macrophage precursor cells whose origins are in two distinct embryonic cell lineages - erythromyeloid progenitor cells of the yolk sac, and hematopoietic stem cells. OCLs are formed in a multi-stage process that is induced by the cytokines M-CSF and RANKL, during which the cells differentiate, fuse to form multi-nucleated cells, and then differentiate further to become mature, bone-resorbing OCLs. Recent studies indicate that OCLs can undergo fission in vivo to generate smaller cells, called "osteomorphs", that can be "re-cycled" by fusing with other cells to form new OCLs. In this review we describe OCLs and discuss their cellular origins and the cellular and molecular events that drive osteoclastogenesis.
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“Induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), bone marrow monocytes/macrophages (BMMs) could proliferate, fuse, and eventually differentiate into multi-nuclear osteoclasts8.”
From Targeting Msx2 as a brake in the fusion fate of osteoclasts and an anabolic therapy in pre-clinical models of osteoporosis (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Hobolt-Pedersen, 2014, Osteoclast fusion is based on heterogeneity between fusion partners, Calcif. Tissue Int., 95, 73, 10.1007/s00223-014-9864-5 · DOI
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Ma, Q., Wang, S., Xue, H., Ni, L., Yuan, P., Shen, Y., Zheng, B., Wang, Q., Zhang, J., Wang, H., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61938-0 · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Authors
- Elson, A., Anuj, A., Barnea-Zohar, M., & Reuven, N.
- Affiliations
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Elson, Ari
- Venue
- Bone
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-11
- Volume
- 164
- Pages
- 116538
- ISSN
- 1873-2763 (ISSN-L)
- 8756-3282
- OpenAlex
- W4292787268
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 208
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 6.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Bone (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Israel Science Foundation (1734/20)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Tu220/12)
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Osteomyelitis and Bone Disorders Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Keywords
- osteoclasts, osteoclastogenesis, bone resorption, osteoclast origin, hematopoietic stem cells, yolk sac, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, RANKL, osteoclast fusion, osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, bone remodeling
- MeSH terms
- Bone Resorption, Cell Differentiation, Cells, Cultured, Humans, Osteoclasts, Peptide Hydrolases, Protons, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
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