Cited by 246Protease and Inhibitor MechanismsAcute Ischemic Stroke ManagementBlood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms

Matrix metalloproteinases as therapeutic targets for stroke

Open access
Yang, Yi, Rosenberg, Gary A.·2015·Brain Research

Abstract

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important in injury and recovery in ischemic injury. They are proteolytic enzymes that degrade all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). They are secreted in a latent form, protecting the cell from damage, but once activated induce injury prior to rapid inactivation by four tissue inhibitors to metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Normally the constitutive enzymes, MMP-2 and membrane type MMP (MMP-14), are activated in a spatially specific manner and act close to the site of activation, while the inducible enzymes, MMP-3 and MMP-9, become active through the action of free radicals and other enzymes during neuroinflammation. Because of the complex nature of the interactions with tissues during development, injury and repair, the MMPs have multiple roles, participating in the injury process in the early stages and contributing to recovery during the later stages. This dual role complicates the planning of treatment strategies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Cell Interactions In Stroke.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.024

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  • Astrocytes secrete MMP-2 from their endfeet, and pro-MMP-9 and pro-MMP-3 are produced by endothelial cells, microglia, and pericytes.

    “Astrocytes secrete MMP-2 from their endfeet, and pro–MMP-9 and pro–MMP-3 are produced by endothelial cells, microglia, and pericytes.”
  • TNFα and IL-1β induce expression of pro-MMP-9 and pro-MMP-3, and the latter is responsible for activating MMP-9.

    “In addition, TNFα and IL-1β induce expression of pro–MMP-9 and pro–MMP-3, and the latter is responsible for activating MMP-9.”
  • Neutrophil extravasation into the brain parenchyma after ischemia is dependent on MMP activity.

    “Neutrophil extravasation into the brain parenchyma after ischemia is dependent on MMP activity (145).”
  • Up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α after hypoxia leads to furin production, which activates MMP-14 that, in turn, activates MMP-2.

    “Up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor–1α after hypoxia leads to furin production, which activates MMP-14 that, in turn, activates MMP-2.”
  • This combination of inflammatory events leads to tight junction and glia limitans degradation as well as leukocyte infiltration of the brain parenchyma and vasogenic edema.

    “This combination of inflammatory events leads to tight junction and glia limitans degradation as well as leukocyte infiltration of the brain parenchyma and vasogenic edema (Fig. 4) (145).”

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Yang Y Hill JW Rosenberg GA Multiple roles of metalloproteinases in neurological disorders. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 2011b 99 241 63 21238938
  2. Zhao BQ Role of matrix metalloproteinases in delayed cortical responses after stroke. Nat Med 2006b 12 441 5 16565723

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Authors
Yang, Y., & Rosenberg, G. A.
Affiliations
  • University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center (US)
  • University of New Mexico (US)
Corresponding author
Rosenberg, Gary A.
Venue
Brain Research
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-10
Volume
1623
Pages
30-38
ISSN
0006-8993 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2016124510
Cited by
246
References
79
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 4
FWCI
2.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Brain Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • NIH (RO1NS045847)
  • GR, AHA (0765473Z, 10BGIA4310034)
  • NIH COBRE project 7 (5P20RR015636-09)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Protease and Inhibitor Mechanisms
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms
Keywords
matrix metalloproteinases, stroke, ischemic stroke, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, extracellular matrix degradation, MMP-9, MMP-2, MMP-14, MMP-3, neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, therapeutic target, tissue repair
MeSH terms
Animals, Brain, Humans, Stroke, Matrix Metalloproteinases

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