The DOI matches its Crossref record; 128 of the 128 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Toll-like receptors in neurodegeneration
Open accessAbstract
The key roles of toll-like receptors (TLRs) as mediators of the detection and responses of immune cells to invading pathogens are well known. There are at least 13 mammalian TLRs which are integral membrane proteins with a leucine-rich extracellular domain and a cytoplasmic domain similar to that of the interleukin-1 receptor which initiates downstream signaling through kinases to activate transcription factors such as AP-1 and NFκB. TLRs are activated in glial cells (microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) and lymphocytes that infiltrate the nervous system in response to inflammation caused by infectious agents, tissue injury or autoimmune conditions. By inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules in immune cells, TLRs may indirectly damage neurons in conditions such as ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis. Recent findings suggest that neurons also express a subset of TLRs and that their activation promotes neuronal degeneration in experimental models of stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. TLRs may also play roles in regulating the processes of neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth, suggesting roles in neuronal plasticity. A better understanding of the molecular and cellular biology of TLRs in the normal and diseases nervous system, may lead to novel approaches for preventing neuronal degeneration and promoting recovery of function in an array of neurodegenerative conditions.
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Cites
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Cited by
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Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases
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Toll‐like receptor 4 is required for α‐synuclein dependent activation of microglia and astroglia
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Neuroinflammation pathways: a general review
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Metadata
- Authors
- Okun, E., Griffioen, K. J., Lathia, J. D., Tang, S.-C., Mattson, M. P., & Arumugam, T. V.
- Venue
- Brain Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 278-292
- ISSN
- 0165-0173 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2144679012
- Cited by
- 429
- References
- 128
- FWCI
- 12.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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