Cited by 295Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsEating Disorders and BehaviorsNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

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A comparison of acceptance- and control-based strategies for coping with food cravings: An analog study

Forman, Evan M., Hoffman, Kimberly L., McGrath, Kathleen B., Herbert, James D., Brandsma, Lynn L., Lowe, Michael R.·2007·Behaviour Research and Therapy

DOI 10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.004

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Abstract

The present study utilized an analog paradigm to investigate the effectiveness of two strategies for coping with food cravings, which was theorized to be critical to the maintenance of weight loss. Ninety-eight undergraduate students were given transparent boxes of chocolate Hershey's Kisses and instructed to keep the chocolates with them, but not to eat them, for 48 h. Before receiving the Kisses, participants were randomized to receive either (a) no intervention, (b) instruction in control-based coping strategies such as distraction and cognitive restructuring, or (c) instruction in acceptance-based strategies such as experiential acceptance and defusion techniques. Measures included the Power of Food Scale (PFS; a measure of psychological sensitivity to the food environment), self-report ratings of chocolate cravings and surreptitiously recorded chocolate consumption. Results suggested that the effect of the intervention depended on baseline PFS levels, such that acceptance-based strategies were associated with better outcomes (cravings, consumption) among those reporting the highest susceptibility to the presence of food, but greater cravings among those who scored lowest on the PFS. It was observed that craving self-report measures predicted chocolate consumption, and baseline PFS levels predicted both cravings and consumption. Results are discussed in terms of the implications for weight loss maintenance strategies.

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“…& Fink, 2004; Hayes, Bissett, et al., 1999; Keogh, Bond, Hanmer, & Tilston, 2005; Páez-Blarrina et al., 2008; Zettle et al., 2005), food cravings (Forman et al., 2007), intrusive thoughts (Marcks & Woods, 2005, 2007), and stressful or traumatic life events (Plumb, Orsillo, & Luterek, 2004).”
Design for a cohort-randomized trial of an acceptance and commitment therapy-enhanced weight management and fitness program for Navy personnel
Afari, N., Cuneo, J. G., Herbert, M. S., Miller, I., Webb-Murphy, J. A., Delaney, E. M., Peters, J., Materna, K., Miggantz, E. L., Godino, J., et al. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100408 · Cited by 12
“Similarly, individuals who responded strongly to food cues found ACT strategies to be more effective at reducing eating and cravings compared to other psychological techniques [15].”
Background
Using SmartQuit®, an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Smartphone application, to reduce smoking intake
Singh, S., Starkey, N. J., & Sargisson, R. J. (2017) · DIGITAL HEALTH · doi:10.1177/2055207617729535 · Cited by 12
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: A Critical Review to Guide Clinical Decision Making
Levin, M. E., Herbert, J. D., & Forman, E. M. (2017) · Treatments for Psychological Problems and Syndromes · doi:10.1002/9781118877142.ch27 · Cited by 12
Cognitive Defusion as Strategy to Reduce the Intensity of Craving Episodes and Improve Eating Behavior
Hinojosa-Aguayo, I., & González, F. (2022) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2021.47 · Cited by 12
“…in the cognitive defusion group adds to the findings in the literature showing the benefits of this intervention for reducing food cravings (e.g., Forman et al., 2007; Lacaille et al., 2014; Moffitt et al., 2012; Schumacher et al., 2017, 2018) and partially confirms our first hypothesis (H1a).”
BackgroundResult
Does immersion or detachment facilitate healthy eating? Comparing the effects of sensory imagery and mindful decentering on attitudes and behavior towards healthy and unhealthy food
Chang, B. P. I., Mulders, M. D. G. H., Cserjési, R., Axel Cleeremans, B., & Klein, O. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.013 · Cited by 11
Critical and Qualitative Approaches to Behavior Change
Chamberlain, K., & Lyons, A. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.030 · Cited by 13
Lifestyle Modification for the Treatment of Obesity
Sarwer, D. B., Butryn, M. L., Forman, E. M., & Bradley, L. E. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1197-4_15 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Maximizing User Engagement with Behavior Change Interventions
Yardley, L., Morrison, L. G., Müller, I., & Bradbury, K. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.025 · Cited by 11
A Pilot Study of a Novel Dietary Intervention Targeting Ultra‐Processed Food Intake
Hagerman, C. J., Hong, A. E., Jennings, E., & Butryn, M. L. (2024) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.70029 · Cited by 12
“In analog studies, ACT strategies have been shown to help people resist temptation to eat hyperpalatable food [38, 39], and adding these strategies to standard behavioral weight loss treatment has been shown to improve outcomes [40, 41].”
Tackling Cravings in Medical Weight Management: An Update on Pathophysiology and an Integrated Approach to Treatment
Kakoschke, N., Henry, B. A., Cowley, M. A., & Lee, K. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16193238 · Cited by 12
“These studies have shown that acceptance-based strategies are more effective for reducing food cravings in healthy-weight students and women with excess weight, as indexed by the The Food Craving Questionnaire—State and daily single-item reports of craving frequency [52,86,87].”
Background
A preliminary investigation of sex differences and the mediational role of food thought suppression in the relationship between stress and weight cycling
Barnes, R. D., & Tantleff‐Dunn, S. (2010) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/bf03325308 · Cited by 10
Mindful acceptance, not awareness, associated with lower food susceptibility
Keirns, N. G., Stout, M. E., Smith, C. E., Layman, H. M., Cole, K. L. M., Ciciolla, L. M., & Hawkins, M. A. W. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01288-0 · Cited by 10
Ultra-brief non-expert-delivered defusion and acceptance exercises for food cravings: A partial replication study
Hulbert‐Williams, L., Hulbert-Williams, N. J., Nicholls, W., Williamson, S., Poonia, J., & Hochard, K. D. (2017) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317695424 · Cited by 10
“Like Forman et al. (2007), we marked the chocolates in an unobtrusive manner so as to be able to detect undeclared replacements on the part of the participants.”
Background
The Science of Behavior Change: The Road Ahead
Hagger, M. S., Cameron, L. D., Hamilton, K., Hankonen, N. E., & Lintunen, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.046 · Cited by 13
Mindfulness and Acceptance Techniques
Herbert, J. D., & Forman, E. M. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118528563.wbcbt07 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
The Cybernetic Process Model of Self‐Control
Magen, E., & Gross, J. J. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444318111.ch16 · Cited by 10
Autonomy-Supportive Interventions
Reeve, J., & Cheon, S. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.035 · Cited by 13
Quasi‐prospective, real‐life monitoring of food craving post‐bariatric surgery: comparison with overweight and normal weight women
Guthrie, H. M., Tetley, D., & Hill, A. J. (2014) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12054 · Cited by 9
Targeting acceptance in the management of food craving: The mediating roles of eating styles and thought suppression
Coffino, J. A., Heiss, S., & Hormes, J. M. (2018) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.04.002 · Cited by 10
Implementation Science and Translation in Behavior Change
Łuszczyńska, A., Łobczowska, K., & Horodyska, K. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.023 · Cited by 10
Acceptance in Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapies: Different or the Same?
Wild, K. J., Macavei, B., & Podea, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-016-0250-2 · Cited by 8
Hedonic hunger, ultra-processed food consumption, and the moderating effects of impulsivity in pregnant individuals with body mass index ≥ 25
Jouppi, R. J., & Levine, M. D. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107385 · Cited by 9
“Our finding that hedonic hunger was not directly associated with UPF consumption is consistent with findings from non-pregnant adults (Forman et al., 2007, 2013; Nolan--Poupart et al., 2013; Thomas et al., 2011; Verhoeven et al., 2012).”
Result
The Effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Anger, Stress, and Binge Eating Behaviour of the Binge Eating Disorder-prone College Students
송혜정, & Son, C. (2011) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2011.16.1.002 · Cited by 8
Mindfulness: ¿proceso, habilidad o estrategia? Un análisis desde el análisis del comportamiento y del contextualismo funcional
Muñoz-Martínez, A., Monroy-Cifuentes, A. L., & Torres-Sanchez, L. M. (2017) · Psicologia USP · doi:10.1590/0103-656420160038 · Cited by 8
Self-Control Interventions
de Ridder, D. T. D., Gillebaart, M., & Friese, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.040 · Cited by 9
Goal Setting Interventions
Epton, T., & Armitage, C. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.038 · Cited by 8
Biofeedback Enhanced Lifestyle Intervention: Exploring the Experience of Participants in a Novel Intervention for Disinhibited Eating and Obesity
Ledoux, T. A., Gallagher, M. R., Ciampolini, M., & Sampson, M. (2014) · Open Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4236/ojpm.2014.410088 · Cited by 9
“Internal dietary control strategies refer to the use of hunger/ satiety sensations to determine what, when, and how much to eat [14] [15] [18]-[20].”
Background
Energy intake highs and lows: how much does consistency matter in weight control?
Rosenbaum, D. L., Schumacher, L. M., Schaumberg, K., Piers, A. D., Gaspar, M. E., Lowe, M. R., Forman, E. M., & Butryn, M. L. (2016) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12142 · Cited by 8
“The PFS has adequate internal and test–retest reliability and convergent and discriminant validity (17,32,33).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Understanding and Enhancing Psychological Acceptance
Herbert, J. D., & Brandsma, L. L. (2015) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483385822.n5 · Cited by 8
“…of food cravings, our group evaluated the effects of a brief intervention designed to foster psychological acceptance of cravings relative to an intervention focused on distraction and cognitive reappraisal of cravings; both were also compared with a no-intervention condition (Forman et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Role of Experimental Psychopathology and Laboratory‐Based Intervention Studies in Contextual Behavioral Science
Levin, M. E., & Villatte, M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118489857.ch17 · Cited by 8
A clinical trial protocol of a single-session self-guided acceptance-based online intervention targeting food cravings as predictors of disordered eating in pregnant people
Hormes, J. M., & Timko, C. A. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2024.107515 · Cited by 8
Evaluation of Behavior Change Interventions
Matthews, L., & Simpson, S. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.022 · Cited by 8

Authors: Forman, E. M., Hoffman, K. L., McGrath, K. B., Herbert, J. D., Brandsma, L. L., & Lowe, M. R.
Affiliations: Drexel University (US)
Chestnut Hill College (US)
Corresponding author: Forman, Evan M.
ORCID: Forman, Evan M.
Brandsma, Lynn L.
Lowe, Michael R.
Venue: Behaviour Research and Therapy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-10
Volume: 45
Issue: 10
Pages: 2372-2386
ISSN: 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.004
OpenAlex: W2012540132
Cited by: 295
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 13.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords: food cravings, weight loss maintenance, Power of Food Scale, chocolate consumption, distraction, cognitive restructuring, experiential acceptance, defusion, dietary habits
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Behavior, Diet, Reducing, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food Preferences, Humans, Middle Aged, Obesity, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Multivariate Analysis

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A comparison of acceptance- and control-based strategies for coping with food cravings: An analog study

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