The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Distress tolerance and early adolescent externalizing and internalizing symptoms: The moderating role of gender and ethnicity
Open accessAbstract
A large body of research has examined the development of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in childhood and early adolescence. Notably, there is significant concomitant impairment associated with early adolescent symptomatology, as well as association of these symptoms with future development of psychopathology, poor physical health, self-destructive thoughts and behaviors, criminal behavior, and HIV risk behaviors. Drawing on negative reinforcement theory, the current study sought to examine the potential role of distress tolerance, defined as the ability to persist in goal-directed activity while experiencing emotional distress, as a potential mechanism that may underlie both internalizing and externalizing symptoms among 231 Caucasian and African American youth (M age=10.9 years; 45.5% female; 54.5% Caucasian ethnicity). A series of regressions resulted in significant moderated relationships, such that low distress tolerance conferred increased risk for alcohol use among Caucasians, delinquent behavior among African Americans, and internalizing symptoms among females. Clinical implications, including the potential role of negative reinforcement models in early intervention with young adolescents, are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“findings that SIDI targets distress tolerance directly (and effectively) suggest the potential portability and generalizability of this treatment, highlighting its potential utility for a variety of psychological difficulties and maladaptive behaviors thought to stem from distress intolerance”
From Initial RCT of a distress tolerance treatment for individuals with substance use disorders (2012) · cites this paper as Daughters et al., 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lower distress tolerance levels were found to be associated with more severe internalizing symptoms”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“and that is associated with higher levels of externalizing problems (such as alcohol use and delinquent behaviors) among nonclinical samples of both Western and Chinese adolescents”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“a variety of psychological difficulties and maladaptive behaviors thought to stem from distress intolerance (e.g., Bornovalova et al., 2008; Daughters et al., 2008; Daughters et al., 2009).”
From Initial RCT of a distress tolerance treatment for individuals with substance use disorders (2012) · cites this paper as Daughters et al., 2009
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The toleration of distress may be exhibited as the ability to move in a goal-directed activity while experiencing emotional distress and the ability to withstand experiential discomfort (e.g., Brown, Lejuez, Kahler, Strong, & Zvolensky, 2005; Daughters et al., 2009).”
From Does change in distress matter? Mechanisms of change in prolonged exposure for PTSD (2014) · cites this paper as Daughters et al., 2009
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Globally, these results are in line with our hypotheses and with those postulated in previous studies (e.g., [25,28,29]).”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The PASAT-C (Lejuez et al., 2003) is a widely employed behavioral measure of distress tolerance (Daughters, Lejuez, Kahler, Strong, & Brown, 2005; Daughters et al., 2009; Lejuez et al., 2003).”
From Investigating the association between parental reflective functioning and distress tolerance in motherhood. (2015) · cites this paper as Daughters et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Handbook of Child Psychology
(1932) · Nature · doi:10.1038/130331a0 · Cited by 10,133
(2006) · PubMed · Cited by 3,378
A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: dynamics of willpower
Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.1.3 · Cited by 2,931
The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence
(1985) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.142.11.1259 · Cited by 2,538
Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use
WHITE, H. R., Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D. H., & Ageton, S. S. (1988) · The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) · doi:10.2307/1143422 · Cited by 2,210
Addiction motivation reformulated: an affective processing model of negative reinforcement
Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.111.1.33 · Cited by 2,162
Chorpita, B. F., Yim, L., Moffitt, C., Umemoto, L. A., & Francis, S. E. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00130-8 · Cited by 1,966
Social, emotional, and personality development
Eisenberg, N., & Damon, W. (1998) · Wiley eBooks · Cited by 1,903
Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders.
Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.103.1.103 · Cited by 1,685
Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use.
Liska, A. E., Elliott, D. S., Huzinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1986) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069276 · Cited by 1,683
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Broman, 2007, Perceived discrimination and alcohol use among Black and White college students, Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 51, 8
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–204 of 204
Relaciones entre las funciones ejecutivas y la tolerancia al distrés en niños de edad escolar
Vernucci, S., Pereyra, M. F., del Valle, M. V., Trudo, R. G., & Juric, L. C. (2026) · Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana · doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.14407
Milgram, L., Jensen‐Doss, A., Rosenfield, D., Timpano, K. R., Ginsburg, G. S., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2026.2731342
Banich, M. T., Smolker, H. R., Barch, D. M., & Luciana, M. M. (2026) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101833
“…al., 2002) to measure the ability to delay gratification and think about the future; d) the Behavioral Indicator of Resiliency to Distress (BIRD) (Daughters et al., 2009) task to examine the ability to persevere in the face of frustration; e) the Social Influence task (Knoll et al., 2015) to…”
Lutgen-Nieves, L., Petty, T., & Brown, K. (2026) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2026.2747886
Metadata
- Authors
- Daughters, S. B., Reynolds, E. K., MacPherson, L., Kahler, C. W., Danielson, C. K., Zvolensky, M., & Lejuez, C. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Daughters, Stacey B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 198-205
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2653593
- OpenAlex
- W2029992258
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 7.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA18647, R01DA018647, R21DA022741)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- distress tolerance, early adolescence, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, gender differences, ethnicity, African American youth, alcohol consumption, delinquency, moderating effect
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Alcohol Drinking, Black or African American, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Juvenile Delinquency, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
