Fidelity of first-person reports following intracranial neuromodulation of the human brain: an empirical assessment of sham stimulation in neurosurgical patients
Open accessAbstract
Intracranial electrical stimulation (iES) has been used to map and perturb brain function in neurosurgical patients for nearly 150 years [1]. During so-called ‘functional mapping’ sessions with iES, brief pulses of electrical stimulation are followed by careful observation of elicited effects on both the body and mind. IES has great clinical utility when used to identify brain tissue involved in speech and other motor functions that should be spared during neurosurgical resection [2]. Over the past few decades, the clinical application of iES has moved beyond the relatively straightforward mapping of objectively-observable outcomes like motor movements, and into the modulation of subtle and subjective experiences like mood, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive urges [3,4].
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Sham stimulation is a very effective control for demand characteristics in iES.
“Sham stimulation is used to control for demand characteristics, especially when meaningful or intense experiences are reported, and has proven to be a very effective control (Fox and Parvizi, 2021;Fox et al., 2020).”
From Does the Prefrontal Cortex Play an Essential Role in Consciousness? Insights from Intracranial Electrical Stimulation of the Human Brain (2021) · cites this paper as Fox and Parvizi, 2021
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Cites
Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: systematic review of clinical outcomes
Morishita, T., Fayad, S. M., Higuchi, M.-A., Nestor, K. A., & Foote, K. D. (2014) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-014-0282-1 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Fox, K. C. R., Shi, L., Baek, S., Raccah, O., Foster, B. L., Saha, S., Margulies, D. S., Kucyi, A., & Parvizi, J. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0910-1 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 8
- [1]Borchers S, Direct electrical stimulation of human cortex–the gold standard for mapping brain functions? Nat Rev Neurosci 2012; 13(1): 63. 22127300
- [2]Desmurget M, Re-establishing the merits of electrical brain stimulation. Trends Cognit Sci 2013; 17(9): 442– 9. 23932195
- [3]Holtzheimer PE, Mayberg HS. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders. Annu Rev Neurosci 2011; 34: 289– 307. 21692660 PMC4413475
- [4]Harmsen IE, Clinical trials for deep brain stimulation: current state of affairs. Brain Stimul. 2020; 13(2): 378– 85. 31786180
- [5]Brunoni AR, Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): challenges and future directions. Brain Stimul. 2012; 5(3): 175– 95. 22037126 PMC3270156
- [6]Rossini PM, Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application. An updated report from an IFCN Committee. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126(6): 1071– 107. 25797650 PMC6350257
- [7]Kessler SK, Differences in the experience of active and sham transcranial direct current stimulation. Brain Stimul. 2012; 5(2): 155– 62. 22037128 PMC3270148
- [8]Fox KCR, Changes in subjective experience elicited by direct stimulation of the human orbitofrontal cortex. Neurology 2018; 91(16): e1519– 27. 30232252 PMC6202946
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Raccah, O., Block, N., & Fox, K. C. R. (2021) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1141-20.2020 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Fox, K. C. R., & Parvizi, J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fox, Kieran C.R.
- Parvizi, Josef
- Venue
- Brain Stimulation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-79
- ISSN
- 1876-4754 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-861X
- PMC
- PMC8720563
- OpenAlex
- W3097490955
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 0.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain stimulation (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Keywords
- intracranial electrical stimulation, first-person reports, subjective experience, sham stimulation, neurosurgical patients, functional brain mapping, neuromodulation, mood, anxiety
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