The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different phenolic acids grafted onto chitosan
Abstract
Four phenolic acid-grafted-chitosan conjugates were prepared with different phenolic acids including gallic acid (GLA), caffeic acid (CA), gentisate acid (GTA) and sinapic acid (SA), and their characteristics were analyzed. Furthermore, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of conjugates were compared to screen out the optimal conjugates. The characterization analysis showed that the UV absorption peaks of CA-g-CS were stronger than that of GLA-g-CS, indicating a higher substitution degree. In addition, the substitution degree and antioxidant activity of caffeic acid-grafted-chitosan (CA-g-CS) and gallic acid-grafted-chitosan (GLA-g-CS) had significantly (p < 0.05) higher than CS and other two conjugates. However, CA-g-CS demonstrated stronger bacteriostatic ability, of which the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were lower, and the inhibitory zones were larger than GLA-g-CS. In summary, the present findings will provide a theoretical basis for the expanding of CS application in food processing and preservation.
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FTIR, HNMR, and XRD studies indicate CHI and phenolic acids can form hydrogen bonds between CHI's hydroxyl or amine groups and the phenolic acid carboxyl group.
“Spectroscopic analyses (FTIR, HNMR and XRD) have shown that CHI and phenolic acid (such as gallic, vanillic, ferulic, salicylic acids) may interact through hydrogen bonds involving the hydroxyl or amine molecules of CHI and the carboxyl group of phenolic acid (Chatterjee et al. 2015;Wang et al. 2019;Liu et al. 2021).”
From Antifungal Potential of Chitosan and Phenyllactic Acid against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the Anthracnose Pathogen in Avocados (2025) · cites this paper as Wang et al. 2019
Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were more resistant to phenolic acid-grafted-chitosan conjugates than Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus).
“These findings are in accordance with other studies on antimicrobial activity of phenolic acid-grafted-chitosan conjugates and results showed that Gramnegative bacteria (E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were more resistant to phenolic acid-grafted-chitosan conjugates than Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus) (Wang et al., 2019).”
From Inactivation kinetic of selected pathogens of coconut water by dimethyl dicarbonate and microbial shelf life during cold storage (2021) · cites this paper as Wang et al., 2019
Cites
Antioxidant activities of an exopolysaccharide isolated and purified from marine Pseudomonas PF-6
Ye, S., Liu, F., Wang, J., Wang, H., & Zhang, M. (2012) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.057 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
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Synthesis and molecular characterization of chitosan/starch blends based polyurethanes
Javaid, M. A., Zia, K. M., Zafar, K., Khosa, M. K., Akram, N., Ajmal, M., Imran, M., & Iqbal, M. N. (2020) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.234 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Vongluanngam, I., Tocharoenvanith, N., & Assatarakul, K. (2021) · Journal of Food Processing and Preservation · doi:10.1111/jfpp.15229 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hamidou, H. A. (2025) · International Journal of Agriculture and Biology · doi:10.17957/ijab/15.2384 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wang, Y., Xie, M., Ma, G., Fang, Y., Yang, W., Ma, N., Fang, D., Hu, Q., & Pei, F.
- Affiliations
- Nanjing University of Finance and Economics (CN)
- Nanjing Agricultural University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Pei, Fei
- Venue
- Carbohydrate Polymers
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 225
- Pages
- 115238
- ISSN
- 0144-8617 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2969376376
- Cited by
- 183
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 5.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Carbohydrate Polymers (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFD0400600)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (1601482)
- Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (<GN3>KYCX18_1410</GN3>), Qing Lan Project of Jiangsu Province
- Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
- Keywords
- chitosan, phenolic acids, graft copolymerization, caffeic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, sinapic acid, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, degree of substitution, food preservation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus
- MeSH terms
- Anti-Infective Agents, Antioxidants, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Food Handling, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Chitosan, Hydroxybenzoates
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