Valorization of biomass waste to engineered activated biochar by microwave pyrolysis: Progress, challenges, and future directions

Pyrolysis of Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil: A Critical Review

Mohan, D., Pittman, C. U., & Steele, P. H. (2006) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/ef0502397 · Cited by 5,663

Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil

Czernik, S., & Bridgwater, A. (2004) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/ef034067u · Cited by 2,880

Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis mechanism: A state-of-the-art review

Wang, S., Dai, G., Yang, H., & Luo, Z. (2017) · Progress in Energy and Combustion Science · doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2017.05.004 · Cited by 2,670

A unified correlation for estimating HHV of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels

Channiwala, S. A., & Parikh, P. P. (2002) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/s0016-2361(01)00131-4 · Cited by 2,570

Organic and inorganic contaminants removal from water with biochar, a renewable, low cost and sustainable adsorbent – A critical review

Mohan, D., Sarswat, A., Ok, Y. S., & Pittman, C. U. (2014) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.120 · Cited by 2,313

Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis: A review of product properties and effects of pyrolysis parameters

Kan, T., Strezov, V., & Evans, T. J. (2016) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.185 · Cited by 2,239

Black Carbon Increases Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils

Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Kinyangi, J., Grossman, J., O'Neill, B., Skjemstad, J. O., Thies, J., Luizão, F. J., Petersen, J., et al. (2006) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0383 · Cited by 2,191

Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions

Tan, X., Liu, Y., Zeng, G., Wang, X., Hu, X., Gu, Y., & Yang, Z. (2015) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.058 · Cited by 2,081

A review on pyrolysis of biomass constituents: Mechanisms and composition of the products obtained from the conversion of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin

Collard, F., & Blin, J. (2014) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.06.013 · Cited by 2,002

Effect of process parameters on production of biochar from biomass waste through pyrolysis: A review

Tripathi, M., Sahu, J. N., & Ganesan, P. (2016) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.122 · Cited by 1,759

Products Distribution and Synergistic Effects During Co-pyrolysis of Biomass and Plastics

Wang, Z., Wu, M., Guo, S., Chen, Y., Lei, T., Burra, K. R. G., & Gupta, A. K. (2025) · Green energy and technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-8602-5_8

Microwave-Induced Deep Oxidation of Brilliant Green Using Carbon Nanotube-Supported Bismuth Ferrite

Liu, H., Chen, H., Xue, Y., Zhong, Q., & Yang, S. (2025) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal15100964

The Use of Pyrolysis for Biofuel Production, a Systematic Literature Review

Flores, A. M. Q., & Quispe, D. A. D. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computing (INTERCON) · doi:10.1109/intercon67304.2025.11244683

Thermochemical conversion technologies

Horo-Mustajbašić, N., Sher, F., Alvarez-Galván, M. C., Romanovskaia, E., Tashmukhanbetova, I., Benettayeb, A., Egesa, D., Infantes‐Molina, A., & Sillanpää, M. E. T. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33771-0.00004-6

Valorization of Agricultural Waste Residual Biomass Using Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis

Potnuri, R., & Rao, C. S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-9859-9_106

Microwave- Assisted Synthesized Ni/ZSM-5 Nanocatalysts for High-Efficiency Atmospheric Hydrotreatment of Palm Oil Based Bio-Jet FuelPreprint

Tazkia, A. M., Trisunaryanti, W., Triyono, T., Bhagaskara, A., Trisnoharjono, D. B., Fitroturokhmah, A., & Indrijarso, S. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8309946/v1

Additional file 1 of Cotton stalk-derived hydrothermal carbon for methylene blue dye removal: investigation of the raw material plant tissues

Zhang, L., Tan, J., Xing, G., Dou, X., & Guo, X. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13669291

Numerical modeling of blast furnace operation using biochar-SPL(Spent Pot-lining) composites as sustainable coal alternatives

Fang, H., Kong, L., Gao, L., Xu, B., & Yang, B. (2025) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2025.136255

Date palm waste biochar: Production techniques and their effects on soil properties and plant growth

Isukapalli, M., Hodson, M. E., & Matharu, A. S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29023-7.00012-4

Evaluation of the application of algaroba wood as a feedstock to obtain fermentable sugars for bioethanol production

Moreira, Y. U. C. G. B., Ribeiro, G. C. D. A., Alves, C. B., & Guarieiro, L. L. N. (2026) · MRS Advances · doi:10.1557/s43580-025-01485-4

Techno-Economic Assessment of Carbon-Enhanced Hybrid Solar Storage Combining Photo-Rechargeable Batteries and Supercapacitors for Sustainable Energy ApplicationsPreprint

Wei, S. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6066849

Potential of “Montado” Waste as Feedstock for Thermal Gasification

Krop, N. S., Calado, L. F. D. C., Rey, J. R. C., Mateos-Pedrero, C., Rijo, B., Longo, A., Brito, P., & Nobre, C. (2026) · BioEnergy Research · doi:10.1007/s12155-026-10975-8

Temperature-regulated hydrochar for enhanced dibutyl phthalate adsorption in saline-alkaline conditions: Mechanistic insights and multi-model validation

Liu, Y., Yang, F., Chimezie, E. C., Duo, J., Pei, L., Li, W., & Guan, H. (2026) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2026.122302

Chlorella pyrenoidosa reduces fecal heavy metals and antibiotic resistance genes in fattening lambs by modulating gastrointestinal microbial functional profilesPreprint

Zhao, J., Wang, J., Li, S., Lu, Q., Zhang, P., Qi, Y., Xu, X., Fan, J., Zhang, W.-J., & Chen, C. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6460027

Sustainable remediation of antibiotic contaminants using engineered biochar and composite materials

Kumar, A., Sunar, P., Ramamoorthy, D., Dutta, S., Verma, R., Jaiswal, K. S., Jaiswal, K. K., Kumar, V., Jaiswal, A. K., & Kurkuri, M. D. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101129

Waste valorization through synergistic co‐pyrolysis of cotton stalk and high‐density polyethylene: thermal and kinetic insights

Metta, R. K., Etika, K. C., & Appari, S. (2026) · Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining · doi:10.1002/bbb.70154

Development of a microwave pyrolysis process applied to flax shives and sargassum : product characterization and wave-matter interaction

Ubiera, L. (2021) · doi:10.70675/b9d96559z1f69z48c9zae0azf7388a19b8ff

Performance énergétique de la carbonisation hydrothermale. Etude des procédés de pyrolyse et de gazéification des hydrochars

Semaan, J.-N. (2023) · doi:10.70675/488018a4z2d68z48fdzb211z447a52b3888c

VALORIZAÇÃO ENERGÉTICA DO ÓLEO DE Pachira aquatica Aubl. VIA PIRÓLISE CATALÍTICA COM ZEÓLITA HZSM-5

de Melo, E. F., de Oliveira, G. P., Franco, F. I. A., Oliveira, M. A. C. D., dos Anjos, W. S. P., Marques, J. D. A. O., Júnior, J. O. D. D., da Silva, E. R., de Oliveira, K. F. S., Alves, J. L. F., et al. (2026) · doi:10.29327/5828857.2-6

Utilization of Agro-Industrial Waste in the Production of Biofuels

Fernandez, H. A. M., Morales-Martínez, T. K., Medina-Morales, M. Á., Díaz‐Jiménez, L., Hernandez, C. S., & Ríos-González, L. J. (2026) · World sustainability series · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-10314-7_15

Evaluating the synergistic effects of biochar and biological control agents in sustainable agriculture

Bozkurt, Y. E., & Seyyar, O. (2026) · EUREKA Life Sciences · doi:10.21303/2504-5695.2026.004213

Biomass-based biochar for wastewater treatment and management

Chen, Z., Nasr, M., Ighalo, J. O., Osman, A. I., Wang, L., Aziz, F., Kurniawan, T. A., & Yap, P. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29865-3.00010-8

Biochar: Production Processes, Applications, Importance and Advances

Cavali, M., Dresch, A. P., Scapini, T., Belli, I. M., Martínez-Burgos, W. J., Libardi, N., Woiciechowski, A. L., & de Castilhos, A. B. (2026) · Biofuel and biorefinery technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-19898-3_15

Sustainable and non-flammable hybrid composites based on ocean-recycled polyamide 6 reinforced with surface-modified basalt fiber and lignin-derived biocarbon

Ghosh, S. K., Olonisakin, K., Mohanty, A. K., & Misra, M. (2026) · Composites Part B Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113823

Electronic Structure Modulation and Enhanced Metal Dispersion of Ni/ZSM-5 Nanocatalyst via Microwave-Assisted Synthesis for Palm Oil Hydrotreatment to Bio-jet Fuel

Tazkia, A. M., Trisunaryanti, W., Triyono, Bhagaskara, A., Trisnoharjono, D. B., Fitroturokhmah, A., & Indrijarso, S. (2026) · Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials · doi:10.1007/s10904-026-04353-2

Microbe-immobilized biochar as an approach to circular economy

Panja, A., Paul, S., & Jha, P. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27763-4.00022-2

Pseudo graphitic mesoporous hard carbon via rapid pyrolysis for advanced sodium-ion battery anodes

Chougale, M. Y., Manoharan, N., Wang, X., Kulkarni, A., Dandriyal, A., Patil, S. V., Raghuwanshi, V. S., Lohar, G., Graham, E., & Dubal, D. P. (2026) · Energy storage materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2026.105286

Cleaner and circular bioeconomy approaches for biochar production

Rubio-Clemente, A., & Rojas, H. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-44581-1.00021-1

Advanced Biochar Adsorbent via Catalyzed Microwave Pyrolysis for Targeted Herbicide RemovalPreprint

Shakir, S. W., Al-Yaqoobi, A. M., & Hussein, S. S. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9874789/v1

Chlorella pyrenoidosa reduces fecal heavy metal concentrations and antibiotic resistance gene abundance in lambs by modulating the gastrointestinal microbiota

Zhao, J., Wang, J., Li, S., Lu, Q., Zhang, P., Qi, Y., Xu, X., Fan, J., Chen, C., & Zhang, W. (2026) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2026.135186

Enhancing CH4/N2 adsorption and separation performance of low-rank coal-based porous carbon by pyrolytic pretreatment

Li, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, C. L., Zhou, Y., Jing, J., Shen, J., Li, J., & Yang, J. (2026) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2026.140293

Microalgae-based biorefineries

Behera, D., & Saady, N. M. C. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-34137-3.00006-6

Impact of Niobium Interlayer on Phase Evolution, Microstructure, and Crack Suppression in Dissimilar Welding of AlCoCrFeNi2.2 Eutectic High-Entropy Alloy and NiTi Shape Memory AlloyPreprint

Li, J. L. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7010492

Heating mechanism and multi-parameter coupling relationships of industrial solid waste-enhanced RAP microwave

Wang, S., Wen, H., Gong, J., Xu, F., Cao, Y., & Lutyński, M. (2026) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.147393

Biochar: Sustainable Fabrication Techniques and Applications for CO2 Capture

Regalado, E. S., Botello-González, J., Loredo‐Cancino, M., Dávila-Guzmán, N. E., & Pioquinto-García, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87501-4_82-1

Advances in slow pyrolysis reactors for sustainable biochar production: design principles, process optimization, and future perspectives

Yarali, S., Rohani, A., Bayati, M. R., & Abhari, M. (2026) · Energy Conversion and Management X · doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2026.102238

Assessing the Implementation of Artificial Intelligence-Based Systems for Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Selected Countries in Asia, Europe and North America: A Systematic Review

Andeobu, L., Wibowo, S., & Grandhi, S. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18178802

Heat Transfer Modeling and Self-Sustained Thermal Operation of a Pilot-Scale Rotary Kiln for Slow Pyrolysis of Poultry Litter

da Silva, M. H., da Silva, E. A., Steffen, V., Exposito, L., Albar, B., Gallo, A., & Mishra, H. (2026) · ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1115/1.4072541

Effects of Tea Biochar and Different Pyrolysis Temperatures on Water Retention in Biochar-Amended Soil

Yang, J., Garg, A., & Zhussupbekov, A. (2026) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-7944-0_35

Quantifying the synergistic effect via microwave co-pyrolysis of waste tires and corn plant stalk: pollutants inhibition, fuel quality enhancement, and mechanistic insights

Farooq, M. Z., Chen, G., Mujahid, M., Gao, J., Che, Y., Kumar, A., & Lin, F. (2026) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2026.141298

Remediation of crystal violet, methyl violet and methylene blue dyes by carbon-based Gundelia tournefortii seed shells: thermochemical activation and desirability function optimization

Jawad, A. H., Agha, H. M., Liu, C., & ALOthman, Z. A. (2026) · International Journal of Phytoremediation · doi:10.1080/15226514.2026.2729106

An explainable machine learning framework for predicting and optimizing torrefaction performance of lignocellulosic biomass for high-quality solid biofuel production

Potnuri, R., Rao, C. S., & Selvasembian, R. (2026) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2026.108142

Engineering biochar production through pelletization–microwave-assisted pyrolysis sequencing: Mechanistic insights and pilot-scale validation

Srinadh, R. V., & Remya, N. (2026) · Bioresource Technology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.biteb.2026.103124

Biochar-based carbon nanomaterials: precursor variability and structure-property heterogeneity for energy-environmental applications

Altaf, N. U. H., Ayyaz, M., Samart, C., He, M., Ahmad, F., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Biochar · doi:10.1007/s42773-026-00655-3

Catalytic pyrolysis-assisted humification of bamboo powder by iron catalysts: Product distribution, humic acid formation mechanisms, and cadmium remediationPreprint

Kong, D., Yang, B., Yin, W., Ren, X., Liang, S., He, X., Cai, Y., Guo, Z., An, J., Davronbek, B., et al. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7649659

One-step microwave-assisted preparation of MgCl2-modified biochar for Cd2+ and tetracycline removal from waste water: Case study and mechanism analysis

Cheng, S., Xing, B., & zhang, C. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27656-9.00009-1

A review on plastic waste valorization to advanced materials by microwave pyrolysis: Risk and safety assessment

Sridevi, V., Hamzah, H., Ramesh, P., & Jampana, V. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33401-6.00007-9

Development of tailored biochar composites for efficient bioremediation of emerging contaminants in the environment

SHENDE, S. S., Golińska, P., Gade, A., & Rai, M. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27656-9.00002-9

Bioactive components and potential applications of tobacco fiber processing waste driven by artificial intelligence

Xinbo, L., Gao, F., Xiao, W., Wang, J., Wu, P., Song, L., & Zhang, Q. (2026) · Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy · doi:10.1063/5.0354190

Production of biochar using sustainable microwave pyrolysis approach

Lam, S. S., Yek, P. N. Y., Cheng, W. Y., Liew, R. K., Tabatabaei, M., & Aghbashlo, M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85343-9.00015-x · Cited by 6

Biochar production with amelioration of microwave-assisted pyrolysis: Current scenario, drawbacks and perspectives

Hadiya, V., Popat, K., Vyas, S., Varjani, S., Vithanage, M. S., Gupta, V. K., Núñez‐Delgado, A., Zhou, Y., Show, P. L., Bilal, M., et al. (2022) · Bioresource Technology · doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127303 · Cited by 142

Biochar from microwave pyrolysis of biomass: A review

Li, J., Dai, J., Liu, G., Zhang, H., Gao, Z., Fu, J., He, Y., & Huang, Y. (2016) · Biomass and Bioenergy · doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.09.010 · Cited by 464

Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Biomass Waste: A Mini Review

Ethaib, S., Omar, R., Kamal, S. M. M., Biak, D. R. A., & Zubaidi, S. L. (2020) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr8091190 · Cited by 171

Microwave heating‐assisted pyrolysis of biomass for biochar production

Farag, S., & Chaouki, J. (2020) · Institute of Physics eBooks · doi:10.1088/978-0-7503-2660-5ch4