Cited by 272Child Abuse and TraumaChild Welfare and AdoptionChild Abuse and Related Trauma

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Advances in research definitions of child maltreatment

Manly, Jody Todd·2005·Child Abuse & Neglect

DOI 10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.04.001

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Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies
Kendall-Tackett, K. A., Williams, L. M., & Finkelhor, D. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.164 · Cited by 2,537
A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Child Abuse and Neglect
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199505000-00008 · Cited by 1,072
Defining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research
Cicchetti, D. (1993) · Cited by 859
Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect
National Research Council (1993) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/2117 · Cited by 810
Dimensions of child maltreatment and children's adjustment: Contributions of developmental timing and subtype
MANLY, J. T., KIM, J. E., ROGOSCH, F. A., & CICCHETTI, D. (2001) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579401004023 · Cited by 789
Self-citation
Peer Relationships and Self-Esteem among Children Who Have Been Maltreated
Bolger, K. E., Patterson, C. J., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06166.x · Cited by 474
The Developmental Impact of Different Forms of Child Abuse and Neglect
Trickett, P. K., & McBride-Chang, C. (1995) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1006/drev.1995.1012 · Cited by 472
The impact of subtype, frequency, chronicity, and severity of child maltreatment on social competence and behavior problems
Manly, J. T., Cicchetti, D., & Barnett, D. (1994) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400005915 · Cited by 470
Self-citation
Defining maltreatment according to substantiation: distinction without a difference?
Hussey, J. M., Marshall, J. M., English, D. J., Knight, E. D., Lau, A. S., Dubowitz, H., & Kotch, J. B. (2005) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.12.005 · Cited by 442
Developmental Pathways from Child Maltreatment to Peer Rejection
Bolger, K. E., & Patterson, C. J. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00296 · Cited by 400

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The interactive effects of child maltreatment and the FK506 binding protein 5 gene (FKBP5) on dissociative symptoms in adolescence
Yaylaci, F. T., Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Bulut, O., & Hetzel, S. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941600105x · Cited by 26
“Earlier studies have shown that the MCS is a reliable and valid tool for classifying maltreatment (English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005).”
Method
Maternal understanding of child discipline and maltreatment in the United States, South Korea, and Japan
Son, H., Lee, Y. A., Ahn, D. H., & Doan, S. N. (2017) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.10.015 · Cited by 23
Promises and Possibilities: The Application of Research in the Area of Child Maltreatment to Policies and Practices
Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2006) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00490.x · Cited by 25
Child Maltreatment
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy313 · Cited by 25
Male Survivors of Sexual Abuse: Becoming Gender-Sensitive and Trauma-Informed
Elkins, J., Crawford, K., & Briggs, H. E. (2017) · Advances in Social Work · doi:10.18060/21301 · Cited by 22
Didn't we just see you? Time to recurrence among frequently encountered families in CPS
Zhang, S., Fuller, T. L., & Nieto, M. (2013) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.02.014 · Cited by 22
“Such research explores the effect of a rarely investigated dimension of child maltreatment related timing on recurrence (Manly, 2005).”
Influential
Challenges in Using Medicaid Claims to Ascertain Child Maltreatment
Raghavan, R., Brown, D. S., Allaire, B. T., Garfield, L. D., Ross, R. E., & Hedeker, D. (2014) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559514548316 · Cited by 22
“…Maltreatment Classification System is a multidimensional system designed to better operationalize child maltreatment nosology by specifying the subtypes, severity, and timing of maltreatment, its perpetrators, and its consequences upon children in terms of separations and placements (Manly, 2005).”
Background
Heterogeneity in caregiving-related early adversity: Creating stable dimensions and subtypes
Nikolaidis, A., Heleniak, C. M., Fields, A., Bloom, P. A., VanTieghem, M., Vannucci, A., Camacho, N. L., Choy, T., Gibson, L., Harmon, C., et al. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001668 · Cited by 26
“The MCS is a reliable and valid coding system (Manly, 2005; Manly et al., 2013) that differentiates between maltreatment subtypes by providing mutually exclusive subtype criteria and anchor examples.”
Method
Analyzing pathways from childhood maltreatment to internalizing symptoms and disorders in children and adolescents (AMIS): a study protocol
White, L. O., Klein, A. M., Kirschbaum, C., Kurz-Adam, M., Uhr, M., Müller‐Myhsok, B., Hoffmann, K., Sierau, S., Michel, A., Stalder, T., et al. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0512-z · Cited by 22
“without external observers), and as disclosure may lead to severe consequences [142].”
Background
Attachment representations of maltreated and non-maltreated pre-schoolers in Korea and its association with abuse type, chronicity, and severity: a comparative study
Han, J. (2019) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2019.1678607 · Cited by 22
“However, some studies that examined the potential effects of severity and other maltreatment characteristics on developmental results produced mixed outcomes (Clemmons et al., 2007; Manly, 2005).”
BackgroundResult
Family stress during the pandemic worsens the effect of adverse parenting on adolescent sleep quality
Zhang, L., Cui, Z., Sasser, J., Carvalho, C., & Oshri, A. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105390 · Cited by 19
“Physical and emotional neglect are types of CM that constitute the deprivation dimension (McLaughlin et al., 2014) and involve acts of omission that deprive youth of primary care and fundamental physical and emotional needs (Manly, 2005).”
Background
Overview of the Nature and Extent of Child Sexual Abuse in Europe
Lalor, K. J., & McElvaney, R. (2010) · Arrow - TU Dublin (Technological University Dublin) · Cited by 18
Admisibilidad en contextos forenses de indicadores clínicos para la detección del abuso sexual infantil
Scott, M. T., Manzanero, A. L., Muñoz, J. M., & Köhnken, G. (2014) · Anuario de Psicología Jurídica · doi:10.1016/j.apj.2014.08.001 · Cited by 18
Attachment states of mind and inferred childhood experiences in maltreated and comparison adolescents from low-income families
Roisman, G. I., Rogosch, F. A., Cicchetti, D., Groh, A. M., Haltigan, J. D., Haydon, K. C., Holland, A. S., & Steele, R. D. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000025 · Cited by 21
“The MCS (Barnett, Manly, & Cicchetti, 1993) is a reliable and valid method for classifying maltreatment (Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998; English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005) that uses DHS records detailing investigations and findings involving maltreatment in identified families over time.”
Method
Epidemiology of Child Maltreatment
Trocmé, N. (2008) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304961.003.0001 · Cited by 18
Declarative memory in abused and neglected infants
Cheatham, C. L., Larkina, M., Bauer, P. J., Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2010) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374471-5.00007-6 · Cited by 19
Exploring the Link Between Child Sexual Abuse and Sexually Intrusive Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Caregiver Discipline Strategy
Latzman, N. E., & Latzman, R. D. (2013) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9860-9 · Cited by 25
“In other words, researchers must be sensitive to the normative maturational tasks that the child is attempting to master at the time of exposure to the risk factor (for a discussion, see Manly 2005).”
Update on child physical abuse, sexual abuse, and prevention
Vandeven, A. M., & Newton, A. (2006) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000193295.94646.f7 · Cited by 17
An Exploratory Study of Child Sexual Abuse in Tanzania
McCrann, D. (2017) · Arrow - TU Dublin (Technological University Dublin) · doi:10.21427/d78m99 · Cited by 17
“Difficulties remained in reaching a consensus on the definition of child maltreatment and sexual abuse (Manly, 2005), in 4 part because it was determined by cultural and community standards (Bradley & Lindsay, 1987).”
Background
COVID-19 and Caregiver Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment: The Pandemic in Review
Garner, J. B., Self‐Brown, S., Emery, V., Wootten, K., & Tiwari, A. (2023) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380231158609 · Cited by 17
“As previously mentioned, the current review findings also indicate several discrepancies in definitions and measurements of CM risk factors, which have been the subject of considerable debate and confusion in extant, pre-pandemic CM-related research (Manly, 2005; Jackson et al., 2019).”
Result
Let it go, let it go: Stop measuring child maltreatment as a binary yes/no
McGuire, A., Singh, M., & Jackson, Y. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106994 · Cited by 18
Children of Probationers in the Child Welfare System and Their Families
Phillips, S. D., Leathers, S. J., & Erkanli, A. (2008) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-008-9218-x · Cited by 16
“Evaluations of the MCS show it has acceptable predictive validity and relatively high concordance with other systematic rating systems ( Manly 2005 ).”
Method
Maltrato infantil y desarrollo: hacia una revisión de los factores de resiliencia
Morelato, G. S. (2011) · Pensamiento Psicológico · Cited by 16
Early Neglect and the Development of Aggression in Toddlerhood: The Role of Working Memory
Demeusy, E. M., Handley, E. D., Rogosch, F. A., Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (2018) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559518778814 · Cited by 17
“Other investigators have demonstrated that the MCS is reliable and valid way to comprehensively classify child maltreatment (Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998; Dubowitz et al., 2005; Manly, 2005).”
Background
Persönlichkeitsfunktionsniveau, maladaptive Traits und Kindheitstraumata
Back, S. N., Zettl, M., Bertsch, K., & Taubner, S. (2020) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-020-00445-7 · Cited by 15
“Traumatische Erlebnisse in der Kindheit und Jugend umfassen sowohl aktive Handlungen in Form körperlicher, sexueller und emotionaler Misshandlung als auch passive Erfahrungen wie körperliche und emotionale Vernachlässigung (Manly 2005).”
Background
Recognition of children’s emotional facial expressions among mothers reporting a history of childhood maltreatment
Turgeon, J., Bérubé, A., Blais, C., Lemieux, A., & Fournier, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0243083 · Cited by 19
“The inability to meet children’s primary needs, causing either potential or actual harm, is referred to as child maltreatment [9].”
Background
Childhood attention problems mediate effects of child maltreatment on decision-making performance in emerging adulthood.
Warmingham, J. M., Handley, E. D., Russotti, J. M., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001154 · Cited by 17
“Although individual subtypes have received considerable attention in the literature, subtypes commonly overlap, which creates a problem for parsing individual subtype effects (Jackson et al., 2019; Manly, 2005).”
Background
Does Trauma Exacerbate Criminal Behavior? An Exploratory Study of Child Maltreatment and Chronic Offending in a Sample of Chinese Juvenile Offenders
Yao, X., Zhang, H., & Zhao, R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811197 · Cited by 14
“Child maltreatment is a broad concept that covers multiple aspects of children’s experiences of maltreatment [1].”
Background
Developmental pathways from child maltreatment to adolescent marijuana dependence: Examining moderation by FK506 binding protein 5 gene (FKBP5)
Handley, E. D., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000899 · Cited by 15
“Adequate reliability has been obtained (weighted ks ¼ 0.86–0.98; Manly, 2005; Manly et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluential
Child Neglect in Army Families: A Public Health Perspective
Fullerton, C. S., McCarroll, J. E., Feerick, M. M., McKibben, J. B. A., Cozza, S. J., Ursano, R. J., & Workgroup, C. N. (2011) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-11-00135 · Cited by 14
Emotional awareness, empathy, and generosity in high-risk youths
Dickerson, K. L., & Quas, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105151 · Cited by 15
Prevalence of childhood abuse in mothers taking part in a study of parenting their own children
Sneddon, H., Iwaniec, D., & Stewart, M. C. (2009) · Child Abuse Review · doi:10.1002/car.1078 · Cited by 16
Inhibited attachment behaviour and disinhibited social engagement behaviour as relevant concepts in referred home reared children
Scheper, F. Y., Abrahamse, M. E., Jonkman, C., Schuengel, C., Lindauer, R., de Vries, A. L. C., DORELEIJERS, T. A. H., & Jansen, L. M. C. (2016) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12319 · Cited by 13
Child Sexual Abuse identified in Emergency Departments Using ICD-9-CM, 2011 to 2014
Bentivegna, K., Durante, A., Livingston, N., & Hunter, A. A. (2019) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.03.022 · Cited by 13
Students' willingness to seek help from school staff when coping with parental maltreatment
Yablon, Y. B. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104443 · Cited by 13
Intergenerational Continuity in Child Maltreatment: Explicating Underlying Mechanisms
Martoccio, T. L., Berlin, L. J., Aparicio, E. M., Carmody, K. A., & Dodge, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520914542 · Cited by 12
“, 2009) and because analyzing substantiated maltreatment only has been shown to result in limited representation, presumably from biases in the substantiation processes (Manly, 2005).”
Early-life adversity and risk for depression and anxiety: The role of interpersonal support
Metts, A. V., Yarrington, J. S., Zinbarg, R. E., Hammen, C. L., Mineka, S., Enders, C. K., & Craske, M. G. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000116 · Cited by 16
Substantiation and Adverse Appeal Outcomes
Fakunmoju, S. B. (2008) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559508320386 · Cited by 12
“This ambiguity is in part complicated by the challenges associated with determining whether maltreatment occurred (Manly, 2005), such as lack of proof (English, Brummel, Graham, & Coghlan, 2002; Giovannoni, 1991; Jason, Andereck, Marks, & Tyler, 1982), inability to meet evidentiary requirements (English et al.”
Background
Course of disinhibited social engagement behavior in clinically referred home‐reared preschool children
Scheper, F. Y., Groot, C. R. M., de Vries, A. L. C., DORELEIJERS, T. A. H., Jansen, L. M. C., & Schuengel, C. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12994 · Cited by 13
“Based on the operational criteria of the MCS, only the scores ‘definitely present’ were used in this study.”
MethodInfluential
Knowledge and beliefs on child sexual abuse by Spanish university students
Pereda, N., Arch, M., Guerra-González, R., Llerena, G., Berta-Alemany, M., Saccinto, E., & Gascón, E. (2012) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.28.2.148801 · Cited by 11
Legal and Social Service Responses to Child Sexual Abuse: A Primer and Discussion of Relevant Research
Wiley, T. (2009) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538710902901754 · Cited by 11
Child maltreatment in a high adversity context: Associations of age, type and timing of exposure with psychopathology in middle childhood
Juen, F., Hecker, T., Hermenau, K., Teicher, M. H., Mikinga, G., Nkuba, M. G., Masath, F. B., & Schalinski, I. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107060 · Cited by 12
The Interactive Effects of Child Maltreatment and Adolescent Pregnancy on Late-Adolescent Depressive Symptoms
Russotti, J. M., Handley, E. D., Rogosch, F. A., Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00669-w · Cited by 10
“This objective measure was developed to assess child maltreatment independently from parent-report and potential bias in reporting (Manly 2005).”
MethodInfluential
Maternal Emotional Distress, Abuse Risk, and Children's Symptoms: Child Gender as a Moderator of Parent Sensitivity as a Mediator
Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., Thomas, R., Hendrickson, K. M., Avdagic, E., Webb, H. J., & McGregor, L. (2013) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1804 · Cited by 10
A multilevel prediction of physiological response to challenge: Interactions among child maltreatment, neighborhood crime, endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (eNOS), and GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-6 gene (GABRA6)
Lynch, M., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000887 · Cited by 10
“This classification system captures detailed information from Child Protective Services records by using a structured approach to obtain systematic data from the narrative and investigation determinations contained in DHS records (Manly, 2005).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Hacia un sistema de clasificación nosológico de maltrato infantil
Muela, A. (2008) · Digitum: Institutional Repository of the University of Murcia (University of Murcia) · Cited by 9
Antecedents of attachment states of mind in normative‐risk and high‐risk caregiving: cross‐race and cross‐sex generalizability in two longitudinal studies
Haltigan, J. D., Roisman, G. I., Groh, A. M., Holland, A. S., Booth‐LaForce, C., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13086 · Cited by 9
“…Manly, & Cicchetti, 1993) is a reliable and valid method for classifying childhood abuse and neglect (Bolger, Patterson, & Kupersmidt, 1998; English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005) that uses DHS records detailing investigations and findings involving maltreatment in identified families over time.”
Method
Family Violence and Delinquency
Smith, C. A., & Ireland, T. O. (2009) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0245-0_23 · Cited by 9
Children's Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV): Challenging Assumptions about Child Protection Practices
Black, T. L. (2010) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 9
Maternal childhood maltreatment trauma resolution: Development of a novel narrative coding measure and implications for intergenerational parenting processes
Swerbenski, H. G., Sturge‐Apple, M. L., Messina, G., Toth, S. L., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423001256 · Cited by 8
“The reliability and validity of the MCS has been demonstrated in previous research (Bolger et al., 1998; Manly, 2005).”
A Complementarity of Social and Legal Perspectives on What Is Abusive Practice and What Constitutes Abuse
Petitpierre, G., Masse, M., Martini‐Willemin, B., & Delessert, Y. (2013) · Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jppi.12038 · Cited by 8
Adversity, engagement, and later achievement: The role of emotion regulation and parent-child relationship quality
Mullins, C., & Panlilio, C. C. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.106862 · Cited by 8
An Introduction to Maltreatment of Institutionalized Children
Rus, A. V., Parris, S. R., Stativă, E., Bejenaru, A., Webster, R. D., Wente, J., & Cojocaru, Ş. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57990-0_1 · Cited by 8
Threat-specific maltreatment exposure: Comparison of measurement models and associations with internalizing, externalizing, and PTSD symptoms
Lombera, M. A., Lee, A. H., Sharma-Patel, K., & Brown, E. J. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105010 · Cited by 9
Effect of maternal borderline personality disorder on adolescents’ experience of maltreatment and adolescent borderline features.
Kurdziel, G., Kors, S. B., & Macfie, J. (2017) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000265 · Cited by 9
“impact of severity in maltreatment, some studies have found that children who experience more severe maltreatment have worse outcomes compared to maltreatment that is less severe (Manly, 2005; Manly et al., 1994).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
A meta-analytic review of child maltreatment and interoception
Ditzer, J., Woll-Weber, C. F. J., Burger, C., Ernst, A., Boehm, I., Garthus‐Niegel, S., & Zietlow, A. (2025) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-025-00456-w · Cited by 7
Maltreatment and executive functioning in childhood and adolescence − A multilevel meta-analysis
Perevoznikova, A., Berger, P., Wiesmann, C. G., White, L. O., & Keil, J. (2025) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107663 · Cited by 9
“Overly broad definitions risk conflating poor parenting with CM, whereas overly narrow ones may rely too heavily on jurisdiction-specific policies (Manly, 2005).”
Childhood maltreatment and psychopathy in Chinese juvenile offenders: person-centered perspective
Yang, Y., Yu, J., Zhang, S.-X., & Xie, Q. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01634-8 · Cited by 7
“However, it is necessary to move beyond a focus on type and begin to approach maltreatment as a multidimensional construct that can be conceptualized across several dimensions to fully understand the causes and consequences of mal-treatment [18].”
Definition und Beschreibung von Vernachlässigung im Kindes- und Jugendalter
Sierau, S., Resch, L., Michel, A., Horlich, J., Dehmel, S., Tsapos, N., Binser, M. J., Kurz-Adam, M., & White, L. O. (2014) · Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde · doi:10.1007/s00112-014-3143-4 · Cited by 7
Investigating multilevel pathways of developmental consequences of maltreatment
DePasquale, C. E., Handley, E. D., & Cicchetti, D. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000834 · Cited by 8
“This system has been demonstrated as a reliable and valid measure of maltreatment typology (English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005).”
Method
Erfassung von Misshandlung im Kindes- und Jugendalter
White, L. O., Bracher, A. J., Weil, A.-S., Schoett, M. J. S., von Klitzing, K., & Keil, J. (2021) · Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie · doi:10.13109/prkk.2021.70.1.24 · Cited by 7
The role of child maltreatment and adolescent victimization in predicting adolescent psychopathology and problematic substance use
Brown, M., Rogosch, F. A., Shacklewood, C., & Cicchetti, D. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106454 · Cited by 8
Childhood emotional maltreatment and romantic relationship satisfaction: the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas
Fernando, S. K., Quinlan, E., & Paparo, J. (2024) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2024.2415953 · Cited by 7
Direct and Indirect Effects of Child Maltreatment on Suicidal Ideation among Chinese Left-Behind Children: Does Gender Make a Difference?
Fan, X., & Li, X. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12110464 · Cited by 6
Youth Reported Perpetrators of Victimization Within a Foster Care Sample
Bennett, A., Clement, A. C., Walton, R., Jackson, Y., & Gabrielli, J. (2023) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/10775595231163452 · Cited by 6
“…seen recent advancements in the methodological and quantitative approach to more comprehensive capture of a child ’ s maltreatment experience (Gabrielli & Jackson, 2019), the operationalization of child maltreatment has been inconsistent thus contributing to contradictory ﬁ ndings (Manly, 2005).”
Background
How are parental functioning and single parenthood associated with court outcomes? An analysis of child protection cases
Kratky, N., & Schröder–Abé, M. (2018) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.015 · Cited by 6
Teen childbearing and offspring internalizing symptoms: The mediating role of child maltreatment
Russotti, J. M., Rogosch, F. A., Handley, E. D., Douthit, K. Z., Marquis, A., & Cicchetti, D. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000413 · Cited by 7
“The MCS is a reliable and validated measure of maltreatment (Bolger & Patterson, 2001; Manly, 2005; Manly et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Protecting abused children
Marcovitch, H., & JONES, D. P. H. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60831-9 · Cited by 6
Derivation of probable child maltreatment indicators using prospectively recorded information between 5 months and 17 years in a longitudinal cohort of Canadian children.
Scardera, S., Langevin, R., Collin-Vézina, D., Cabana, M. C., Pereira, S. P. P., Côté, S., Ouellet-Morin, I., & Geoffroy, M. (2023) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106247 · Cited by 5
Violence psychologique des parents rapportée par des jeunes à un service d'aide anonyme
Gagné, M., Melançon, C., Pouliot-Lapointe, J., Lavoie, F., & Roy, M. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health · doi:10.7870/cjcmh-2010-0024 · Cited by 5
Maltreatment Profiles of Child Welfare–Involved Children in Special Education: Classification and Behavioral Consequences
Gee, K. A. (2019) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/0014402919870830 · Cited by 5
“The MCS has been shown to be reliable and valid when classifying maltreatment (Manly, 2005).”
Method
Pathways to Resilient Functioning in Maltreated Children
Cicchetti, D., & Roisman, G. I. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118036600.ch11 · Cited by 5
The relative effects of parental alcohol use disorder and maltreatment on offspring alcohol use: Unique pathways of risk
Ross, A. J., Russotti, J. M., Toth, S. L., Cicchetti, D., & Handley, E. D. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423001347 · Cited by 5
“The MCS is a reliable and valid method for classifying maltreatment (Manly, 2005) that utilizes DHS records detailing investigations and findings involving maltreatment in identified families over time.”
Common Patterns of Maltreatment Exposure: A Replication Study Using Confirmatory Latent Class Analysis
Russotti, J. M., Warmingham, J. M., Handley, E. D., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2025.107400 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Physical Abuse and Adolescent Sexual Behaviors: Moderating Effects of Mental Health Disorders and Substance Use
Miller, K. M., Briggs, H. E., Elkins, J., Kim, I., & Mowbray, O. P. (2018) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-018-0221-0 · Cited by 5
“Conducting nationally representative studies on child maltreatment is challenging due to the numerous methodological approaches to assessing types of childhood maltreatment, even within child abuse categories, which varies by state among U.S. child welfare agencies (Manly 2005).”
Background
Trying to Fit a Square Peg in a Round Hole? Testing the Robustness of Maltreatment Measurement Models for Youth
McGuire, A., Gabrielli, J., & Jackson, Y. (2023) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/10775595221149447 · Cited by 4
“Further, the construct of maltreatment is multidimensional (Manly, 2005), making comprehensive description of the construct dif ﬁ cult to summarize in a parsimonious way.”
Background
Polyvictimization and Impairments in Functioning for Children and Youth with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Stewart, S. L., Withers, A., Semovski, V., & Lapshina, N. (2023) · Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1080/19315864.2023.2285040 · Cited by 4
“Further, the chronicity of victimization was not reported, which is known to be an important factor in the association of trauma and psychological outcomes (Manly, 2005).”
Maltrato infantil y representaciones de apego: defensas, memoria y estrategias, una revisión
Rodríguez, A. F., Spencer, R., & Castro, T. R. (2012) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy11-3.mira · Cited by 4
“…cualitativas de los MIOs (Baer & Martinez, 2006; Hodges & Steele, 2000; Morton & Browne, 1998; Toth et al., 2000). b) El maltrato se define como una variable grupo sin establecer claramente sus tipologías (English et al., 2005), lo que dificulta las comparaciones entre los estudios (Manly, 2005).”
Background
An investigation into the emotional responses of child athletes to their coach's behaviour from a child maltreatment perspective
Gervis, M. (2012) · Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) · Cited by 4
Rethinking Lifetime Abuse in Old Age
Band‐Winterstein, T., Shulyaev, K., & Eisikovits, Z. C. (2024) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605241264533 · Cited by 3
“Several cumulative and interactive effects have been identified, such as the duration of exposure to trauma (Manly, 2005), type of abuse or multiple types of abuse (Spinazzola et al., 2014), onset (Kaplow & Widom, 2007), the severity of abusive life events (Jonas et al., 2011), relationship to the…”
Clinician and lived experience perspectives on non‐judgemental family care, in working with childhood maltreatment and intergenerational trauma: A pilot narrative review
Twigger, A., Lee, A. Y. S., & Amos, J. (2024) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1002/anzf.1611 · Cited by 3
The relationship between teachers attitudes towards distance education and their digital literacy levels
Uzun, S., Meydan, A., Devrilmez, E., & Uzun, A. (2023) · Journal of Pedagogical Research · doi:10.33902/jpr.202322499 · Cited by 3
The Effects of Childhood Abuse on Emerging Adulthood Inflammation: Investigating Protective Characteristics
Ross, A. J., Russotti, J. M., Cicchetti, D., & Handley, E. D. (2025) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/10775595251358395 · Cited by 3
“The MCS is a reliable and valid method for classifying mal-treatment (Manly, 2005) that utilizes DHS records detailing investigations and ﬁ ndings involving maltreatment in iden-ti ﬁ ed families over time.”
Evaluación psicológica del maltrato en la infancia
Jurado, R. A. (2006) · Cuadernos de Medicina Forense · doi:10.4321/s1135-76062006000100010 · Cited by 3
Childhood maltreatment and sleep
Hash, J. B., & Oxford, M. L. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101664 · Cited by 2
Autoconcepto y Habilidades Cognitivas de Solución de Problemas Interpersonales en Escolares Argentinos: Estudio Comparativo
Maddio, S. L., & Morelato, G. S. (2009) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 3
Child-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for children who have been physically abused
Bjornstad, G. J., Ramchandani, P. G., Montgomery, P., & Gardner, F. E. M. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007838 · Cited by 3
Retracted
Economic Conditions and Risk for Child Physical Abuse per Maternal Report: The Mediating Roles of Parenting Stress, Depression, and Domestic Violence
Conrad, A. (2015) · KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas) · Cited by 3
Measurement of family violence at a population level: What might be needed to develop reliable and valid family violence indicators?
Gulliver, P. J., & Fanslow, J. (2012) · ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) · Cited by 3
Measurement Congruence Between Record Data and Retrospective Self-Report Measures of Child Maltreatment: Do Positive Childhood Experiences Affect Discrepancies?
Russotti, J., Warmingham, J. M., Levin, R. Y., Hutson, L. M., Swerbenski, H. G., Cicchetti, D., & Handley, E. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70080 · Cited by 2
The Role of Peer- and Self-Appraisals in the Association Between Maltreatment and Symptomatology
Ross, A. J., Handley, E. D., Toth, S. L., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01083-8 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Self-reported impulsivity, aggression and childhood trauma in the general population: a United-Kingdom-based online survey
Aubrey, O., Jones, K. A., & Paddock, E. (2025) · Journal of Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1108/jcp-08-2024-0065 · Cited by 2
Multiple determinants of sexualized behavior in middle childhood: A developmental psychopathology perspective
Latzman, N. E. (2010) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska) · Cited by 2
Family therapy for children who have been physically abused
Gardner, F. E. M., Bjornstad, G. J., Ramchandani, P. G., Xu, T., & Montgomery, P. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007827.pub2 · Cited by 2
Development and Validation of a Unidimensional Maltreatment Scale in the Add Health Data Set
Marszalek, J. M., & Hamilton, J. L. (2011) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1177/0748175611421612 · Cited by 2
“The cumulative findings lend strong support to examining the various indicators of maltreatment with a multidimensional approach (English et al., 2005; Manly, 2005).”
Background
MALESTAR PSICOLÓGICO EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS VÍCTIMAS DE ABUSO SEXUAL INFANTIL Y OTROS ESTRESORES
de Psicología, F. (2006) · Cited by 2
Family Violence and Delinquency
Ireland, T. O., Smith, C. A., & Loveland, C. (2019) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20779-3_28 · Cited by 2
Maltrato infantil : un estudio empírico sobre variables psicopatológicas en menores tutelados
Fernández, F., & Visitación, M. (2014) · Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) · Cited by 2
Three Potential Mediators of the Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect on Smoking in Middle Adulthood
Ghirmay, M. (2015) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 2
Operationalizing childhood maltreatment
Lombera, M. A. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00282-4 · Cited by 1

Authors: Manly, J. T.
Affiliations: University of Rochester (US)
Corresponding author: Manly, Jody Todd
ORCID: Manly, Jody Todd
Venue: Child Abuse & Neglect
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2005-05
Volume: 29
Issue: 5
Pages: 425-439
ISSN: 0145-2134 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.04.001
OpenAlex: W1978132710
Cited by: 272
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 9.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Child Abuse & Neglect (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Child Abuse and Related Trauma
Keywords: child abuse, maltreatment subtypes, physical abuse, domestic violence, risk factors, child welfare system, child age
MeSH terms: Child Abuse, Child, Preschool, Humans, Research, United States

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